Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Een element is een pure stof die maar één type atoom bevat. Momenteel zijn 118 elementen ontdekt, die ofwel in de natuur voorkomen of in een laboratorium zijn gesynthetiseerd. Elementen lopen sterk uiteen in hun overvloed.De meest voorkomende elementen in de aardkorst zijn zuurstof, silicium, aluminium, ijzer en calcium. Ter vergelijking:de atmosfeer van de aarde bestaat voornamelijk uit stikstof en zuurstof. Op het periodiek systeem bevat elk vierkant minimaal een atoomnummer en een chemisch symbool.Een chemisch symbool is een afkorting van één of twee letters die aan een element wordt gegeven. De eerste letter is een hoofdletter en de tweede, indien nodig, kleine letters om verwarring met verbindingen die twee elementen bevatten te voorkomen. Dit symbool is vaak de eerste letter of letters van de Engelse naam van het element.Sommige symbolen hebben echter Griekse, Latijnse of Duitse wortels. Aan een chemisch symbool kunnen aanvullende details worden toegevoegd. Het atoomnummer, dat ook het aantal protonen is, staat in de linker subscriptpositie.Dit nummer is altijd hetzelfde voor een bepaald element en wordt soms weggelaten omdat het niet verandert. Het massa-getal het aantal protonen plus neutronen wordt in de linker superscriptpositie aangegeven. Dit getal definieert de specifieke isotoop van een element, zoals koolstof-12 of koolstof-13.Een isotoop is een variatie op een element waarbij het aantal neutronen in de kern varieert maar het aantal protonen ook het atoomnummer hetzelfde is. Dit resulteert in verschillende atomaire massa's maar heeft geen invloed op de lading van het atoom. Elementair waterstof heeft bijvoorbeeld drie natuurlijk voorkomende isotopen:De meest voorkomende vorm bevat geen neutronen;de tweede is deuterium, dat één neutron bevat;en de derde is tritium, dat twee neutronen bevat.Terwijl het standaard waterstofatoom en deuterium stabiel zijn onder natuurlijke omstandigheden, vervallen andere isotopen, zoals tritium, in andere stoffen door de emissie van energie. Deze staan bekend als radioactieve isotopen.

elementen: chemische symbolen en isotopen

Een chemisch symbool is een afkorting die wordt gebruikt om een element of een atoom van een element aan te duiden. Het symbool voor kwik is bijvoorbeeld Hg. Hetzelfde symbool wordt gebruikt om één kwikatoom aan te duiden (microscopisch domein) of om een container met vele atomen van het element kwik te labelen (macroscopisch domein). Sommige symbolen zijn afgeleid van de algemene Engelse naam van het element, terwijl andere afkomstig zijn van de afkortingen van de naam in een andere taal: Latijn, Grieks of Duits. Het symbool voor aluminium (gebruikelijke naam) is bijvoorbeeld Al, terwijl dat voor ijzer Fe is, wat voortkomt uit de Latijnse naam “Ferrum”. De meeste symbolen hebben één of twee letters, maar er zijn symbolen van drie letters gebruikt om sommige elementen te beschrijven die atoomnummers groter dan 112 hebben. Om verwarring met andere notaties te voorkomen, wordt alleen de eerste letter van een symbool met een hoofdletter geschreven. Co is bijvoorbeeld het symbool voor het element kobalt, maar CO is de notatie voor de verbinding koolmonoxide, die atomen van de elementen koolstof (C) en zuurstof (O) bevat. Traditioneel geeft de ontdekker (of ontdekkers) van een nieuw element het element een naam. Totdat de naam echter officieel wordt erkend door de Internationale Unie voor Pure en Toegepaste Chemie (IUPAC), is de aanbevolen naam van het nieuwe element gebaseerd op de Latijnse woorden voor het atoomnummer. Element 106 heette bijvoorbeeld unnilhexium (Unh), element 107 heette unnilseptium (Uns) en element 108 heette jarenlang unniloctium (Uno). Deze elementen zijn nu vernoemd naar wetenschappers (of soms naar locaties); Element 106 staat nu bijvoorbeeld bekend als seaborgium (Sg) ter ere van Glenn Seaborg, een Nobelprijswinnaar die actief was bij de ontdekking van verschillende zware elementen. Elk vierkant in het periodiek systeem bevat minimaal een atoomnummer – dat ook het aantal protonen is – en een chemisch symbool. Bij een isotoop wordt het massagetal of de som van protonen en neutronen aangegeven, samen met het symbool en het atoomnummer. Het massagetal definieert de specifieke isotoop van een element. Dit zijn bijvoorbeeld de twee isotopen van stikstof: <img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;"> Het symbool voor een specifieke isotoop van een element wordt geschreven door het massagetal als superscript links van het elementsymbool te plaatsen. Omdat het atoomnummer, net als het symbool, de identiteit van het element definieert, wordt het vaak weggelaten. Magnesium bestaat bijvoorbeeld als een mengsel van drie isotopen, elk met een atoomnummer van 12 en met massagetallen van respectievelijk 24, 25 en 26. Deze isotopen kunnen worden geïdentificeerd als 24Mg, 25Mg en 26Mg. Deze isotoopsymbolen worden gelezen als “element, massagetal” en kunnen in overeenstemming met deze lezing worden gesymboliseerd. 24Mg wordt bijvoorbeeld gelezen als “magnesium 24” en kan worden geschreven als “magnesium-24” of “Mg-24.” 25Mg wordt gelezen als “magnesium 25” en kan worden geschreven als “magnesium-25” of “Mg-25.” Alle magnesiumatomen hebben 12 protonen in hun kern. Ze verschillen alleen omdat een atoom van 24Mg 12 neutronen in de kern heeft, een atoom van 25Mg 13 neutronen en een atoom van 26Mg 14 neutronen. Merk op dat naast standaardnamen en symbolen vaak naar de isotopen van waterstof wordt verwezen met behulp van gewone namen en bijbehorende symbolen. Waterstof-2, gesymboliseerd 2H, wordt ook wel deuterium genoemd en soms gesymboliseerd als D. Waterstof-3, gesymboliseerd als 3H, wordt ook tritium genoemd en soms gesymboliseerd als T. Text adapted from <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">Openstax Chemistry 2e, Section 2.3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism.</a>

Elementen: chemische symbolen en isotopen

A chemical symbol is an abbreviation used to indicate an element or an atom of an element. For example, the symbol for mercury is Hg. The same symbol is ...

Education

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Atoms and Elements

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

reading-element-symbols-and-isotope-notation

the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

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Atomic structure is built from three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms make up all matter, and these particles explain an atom’s mass and charge. The electron was first identified at the end of the 19th century by J.J. Thomson. He used a cathode ray tube, a sealed glass tube with almost all the air removed and two metal electrodes. When high voltage was applied, a visible beam called a cathode ray formed. The beam bent toward positive charge and away from negative...

elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

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Predicting Ion Charges on the Periodic Table

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Learn how chemical symbols, atomic numbers, and isotope notation identify elements, from mercury and iron to magnesium and hydrogen isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation | JoVE K12

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PS.PSc.1.5

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Atoms

Structure And Properties Of Matter

Quantifying matter

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Atoms and elements

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CH.2.a

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HS.P1

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Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.C.1.1.a

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PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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PS.Chm.2.2

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	...

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Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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