Name: spindle position and cell division plane
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:51.000Z
Duration: 2 min 13 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Inheritance and Variation of Traits

3.1.9-12.D

Determining the Plane of Cell Division

A dividing cell accurately determining its plane of cell division is essential for the successful separation of chromosomes and the distribution of cytoplasmic contents to its daughter cells.
In animals, the division plane is located at the cell equator in between the segregated chromosomes, and its location is determined during anaphase. Microtubules that form the mitotic spindle interact with the cell cortex and play a decisive role in specifying the cleavage furrow.
Three different models are used to explain the determination of the cell division plane &#8211; the astral stimulation model, the polar relaxation model and the central spindle stimulation model.
In the astral stimulation model, radial arrays of astral microtubules interact with the equatorial cortex and induce the formation of the cleavage furrow.
In the polar relaxation model, astral microtubules send inhibitory signals to the cell poles and thereby suppress the formation of the cleavage furrow at both poles. This leads to cortical contraction at the cell equator.
Once the anaphase starts, the interpolar microtubules present between the segregated chromosomes rearrange into the overlapping antiparallel microtubules, also known as the central spindle. In the central spindle stimulation model, the central spindle stimulates the cleavage furrow formation at the equatorial cortex.&#160;
The general consensus is that all three processes act together to determine the plane of cell division. This multi pronged approach can make the system respond to fluctuations in protein concentration as well as cell size and thereby increases the accuracy of cell division.
The contribution of each method depends upon the cell type and size. For example, in&#160;C. elegans&#160;embryos, a large array of astral microtubules is present and thus may play a more active role in the determination of the cell division plane.

determining the plane of cell division

Het positioneren van het celdelingsvlak is een cruciale stap tijdens de ontwikkeling en celdifferentiatie, vooral tijdens de mitose, wanneer het vlak essentieel is voor het bepalen van de grootte van de twee dochtercellen. Het celdelingsvlak staat loodrecht op het vlak van chromosoomsegregatie, maar verschillende soorten organismen hebben verschillende celdelingsmechanismen die passen bij hun morfologie en functie.

Dierlijke cellen

In dierlijke cellen vormt zich de splitsingsgroef langs het vlak van celdeling, beginnend bij de celcortex, het gebied onder het plasmamembraan. De mitotische spil speelt een beslissende rol bij het bepalen van het celdelingsvlak; daarom kan een verandering in de as van de mitotische spil het deelvlak veranderen. Deze strategie wordt door sommige eukaryote organismen, zoals Caenorhabditis elegans, gebruikt om over te schakelen van symmetrische naar asymmetrische celdeling. Symmetrische celdeling produceert twee identieke dochtercellen en wordt vaak gebruikt om weefsels te laten groeien die veel van hetzelfde celtype bevatten. Daarentegen creëert asymmetrische deling cellulaire diversiteit omdat het twee niet-identieke dochtercellen genereert. Neuro-epitheliale cellen vergroten bijvoorbeeld aanvankelijk hun aantal door symmetrische delingen te ondergaan. Daarna gebruiken ze asymmetrische deling om dochtercellen te produceren die lijken op de oudercel en om neuronen te differentiëren.

Gist

Bij ontluikende gisten, zoals Saccharomyces cerevisiae, wordt het vlak van celdeling in de G1-fase bepaald door septine-eiwitten. Cytokinese wordt bereikt door het vormen van een splitsingsgroef in het nekgebied van de ontluikende gistcellen; het mitotische apparaat speelt echter geen enkele rol bij het bepalen van het vlak van celdeling. Bij splijtingsgist, zoals Schizosaccharomyces pombe, bepaalt de positie van de interfase-kern daarentegen de locatie van het vlak van celdeling in de G2-fase. Tijdens de interfase is het Mid1-eiwit voornamelijk gelokaliseerd in de kern; Tijdens mitose wordt Mid1 echter vanuit de kern naar de celcortex geëxporteerd, waar het actomyosine-ringcomponenten naar het mediale gebied van de cel recruteert. Dit resulteert er uiteindelijk in dat de moedercel zich deelt in twee dochtercellen van vergelijkbare grootte.

Planten

In de meeste plantencellen wordt het vlak van de celdeling bepaald voordat de cel zich tot mitose wendt. Er wordt een preprofaseband gevormd langs de evenaar van de oudercel, die het vlak van celdeling markeert. De preprofaseband is een ringachtige structuur bestaande uit microtubuli en F-actine. Het geeft aanleiding tot een bundel microtubuli, de phragmoplast genaamd, die een structurele basis vormt voor de expansie en positionering van de celplaten.

Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Celbiologie

Unit 1

Eenheid 1

Cell Division

Celdeling

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

BELANGRIJKE TERMEN EN CONCEPTEN

Het bepalen van het vlak van celdeling

spindle position and cell division plane

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division.

This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form.

The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that plane. By tracking spindle position, scientists can study how division is oriented inside the cell. This makes the concept easier to connect to the steps of mitosis and cell structure.

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

mitosis and cytokinesis

Stages of Cell Division in Eukaryotes

Cell division in eukaryotes follows a tightly regulated cycle that includes cell growth, DNA replication, chromosome duplication, chromosome distribution to daughter cells, and cell division. Regulatory systems and extracellular signals help control when cells divide. In typical human cells, the cycle takes about 24 hours. The cycle has two major stages. DNA is copied during the S phase of interphase. The mitotic, or M, phase then separates the duplicated chromosomes into two new nuclei and...

chromosome duplication

Chromosome Copying in Cell Division

Chromosome copying is an important step in cell division. Before a cell divides, it must make an exact copy of its chromosomes so each new cell can receive the same genetic information. A chromosome is a DNA-containing structure that carries genes. During duplication, the chromosome is copied into two identical sister chromatids. These copies stay attached until the cell is ready to separate them. This process helps ensure that daughter cells inherit a complete set of chromosomes. Accurate...

cohesins

Cohesins in Sister Chromatid Separation

Cohesins are protein complexes that help hold sister chromatids together after DNA is copied. They play a key role in cell division by keeping the two copies of a chromosome connected until the right time. These proteins act like a link between the sister chromatids. When the cell is ready to separate them, cohesins must be removed or released so each new cell can get one complete set of chromosomes. Cohesins are an important part of chromosome behavior during mitosis and meiosis. Their...

condensins

Condensin Proteins in Chromosome Packing

Condensin proteins help pack DNA into condensed chromosomes during cell division. They are part of the larger set of proteins that organize genetic material so it can be separated correctly when a cell divides. These proteins act by shaping and tightening chromosome structure. This process is important because DNA must be compacted before it can move through the stages of division. Condensins are therefore closely linked to chromosome condensation, the step that makes chromosomes more compact...

the mitotic spindle

How the Mitotic Spindle Guides Cell Division

The mitotic spindle guides chromosome movement during cell division. It is a structure made of microtubules, which are thin protein fibers in the cell. These fibers organize and help separate the genetic material before the cell splits. The spindle forms as the cell prepares to divide. Its fibers attach to chromosomes and line them up so they can be moved apart in an orderly way. This careful organization helps each new cell receive the correct set of chromosomes. The mitotic spindle is a key...

centrosome duplication

Centrosome Duplication in Cell Division

Centrosome duplication is an important step in cell division. The centrosome helps organize the cell’s internal structure, and it must be copied before a cell divides.

spindle assembly

Spindle Formation in Cell Division

Spindle formation in cell division is the process that builds the microtubule-based spindle needed to separate chromosomes. Microtubules are long protein fibers that help move and organize cell parts during division. During this process, microtubules grow and are arranged into a spindle structure around the chromosomes. The spindle forms in a way that supports chromosome movement to opposite sides of the cell. This step is essential for accurate cell division. Spindle formation depends on the...

attachment of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatid Attachment in Mitosis

Sister chromatid attachment in mitosis helps align duplicated chromosomes before they separate. Sister chromatids are the matching copies made after DNA replication. They stay connected until the cell is ready to divide. The attachment step is closely tied to the metaphase plate, the middle of the cell where chromosomes line up. This alignment helps each new cell receive one copy of every chromosome. Proper attachment is an important part of accurate cell division.

forces acting on chromosomes

Chromosome Movement During Cell Division

Chromosome movement during cell division depends on forces that act on the chromosomes. These forces help move the chromosomes into the right position as the cell divides. The transcript focuses on how these forces affect chromosome behavior during division. It highlights the role of the mitotic spindle, which is the structure that helps organize and move chromosomes. The spindle uses force to guide chromosome movement at the right time. Understanding these forces helps explain how...

separation of sister chromatids

Chromatid Pulling in Cell Division

Separation of sister chromatids is a key step in cell division. Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that stay attached until the cell is ready to split them apart. Their separation helps each new cell receive the correct genetic material. During this stage, the sister chromatids are pulled to opposite sides of the cell. This movement happens as the cell prepares to divide into two daughter cells. Once the chromatids separate, each side of the cell has a complete set of...

the spindle assembly checkpoint

How Cells Verify Chromosome Spindle Attachment

The spindle assembly checkpoint helps cells verify that chromosomes are attached to the spindle before division continues. It acts as a safety step during cell division and helps prevent errors in chromosome separation. This checkpoint is controlled by kinetochores, which are protein structures on chromosomes that connect to spindle fibers. If a chromosome is not attached correctly, the checkpoint can delay progression until the problem is fixed. Once the attachment is correct, the cell can...

anaphase a and b

Chromosome and Spindle Movement in Anaphase

Anaphase is the stage of cell division when chromosomes move apart. In this phase, sister chromatids separate and travel toward opposite poles of the cell. Chromosome movement in anaphase can happen in two ways. In anaphase A, chromosomes move closer to the poles as the microtubules attached to them shorten. In anaphase B, the spindle poles themselves move farther apart and help stretch the cell. These two movements work together to ensure that the separated chromosomes are pulled to opposite...

anaphase promoting complex

Cell Cycle Control by APC

The anaphase-promoting complex, or APC, helps control cell cycle progression. It acts during cell division to help move the process from one stage to the next. This control is important for proper timing in the cell cycle. APC is a protein complex that works as a regulator. It helps trigger key steps that allow division to continue in an ordered way. By guiding this transition, APC supports normal cell cycle control.

the contractile ring

Cell Division and the Contractile Ring

The contractile ring helps cells divide at the end of cell division. It forms at the cell's center and tightens to split one cell into two. This process is part of cytokinesis, the stage when the cytoplasm divides. The ring is made of actin and myosin, two proteins that can work together to create force. As the ring contracts, it draws the cell membrane inward. This pinch helps separate the two daughter cells. Understanding the contractile ring is important for studying how cells complete...

The plane of cell division is set by the position of the spindle during mitosis. Cells use this internal structure to help decide where the cell will split. The result affects how the two daughter cells are arranged after division. This process is important in many developing tissues. It helps explain how cells divide in a controlled direction. A clear plane of division supports proper cell organization as new cells form. The transcript focuses on how the spindle is used to determine that...

the phragmoplast

Phragmoplast in Plant Cell Division

The phragmoplast is a plant cell structure that forms during cell division. It helps guide the final stage of division, when the cell begins to split into two daughter cells. In plant cells, the phragmoplast appears between the two new nuclei. It is part of the process that leads to the formation of a new cell wall. This wall separates the daughter cells after division is complete. The phragmoplast plays an important role in plant cytokinesis, which is the physical division of the cytoplasm.

distribution of cytoplasmic content

Cytoplasmic Content During Cell Division

Cytoplasmic content is distributed as a cell divides. This process helps each new cell receive the materials it needs to function. The cytoplasm includes the fluid and structures inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus. During cell division, this content is separated between the two daughter cells. The division must be organized so both cells can continue normal activity after the split. The video focuses on how this distribution occurs as part of cell division. It highlights the...

key terms and concepts

Learn how spindle position helps determine the plane of cell division during mitosis and why this matters for daughter cell arrangement in developing tissues.

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

Biology

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

BIO1.LS1.6

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.9

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.3

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.16

SC.912.L.16.14

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS1-4.

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Interphase

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Condensins

The Mitotic Spindle

Centrosome Duplication

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Attachment of Sister Chromatids

Forces Acting on Chromosomes

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Anaphase Promoting Complex

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The Phragmoplast

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3.1.9-12.P

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3.1.9-12.Q

Spindle Position and Cell Division Plane

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