Overzicht van geavanceerde functionele groepen

Functional groups are atoms or groups of atoms within an organic compound that impart distinctive chemical properties.

One of the important functional groups in organic chemistry is the carbonyl functional group, composed of a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen.

Two closely related carbonyl-based organic compounds are aldehydes and ketones. In aldehydes, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to an alkyl group and a hydrogen atom. The exception is formaldehyde, in which the carbonyl carbon is bonded to two hydrogens.

Meanwhile, in ketones, the carbonyl carbon atom is bonded to two other carbon atoms within a hydrocarbon skeleton.

The carbonyl group forms a part of many larger functional groups, such as the carboxyl group of carboxylic acids, which is composed of a hydroxyl group bound to the carbonyl carbon.

Functional derivatives of carboxylic acids include esters, in which the hydrogen of the carboxyl group is replaced by an alkyl group; amides, in which the OH of the carboxyl group is replaced by an amine; and acyl chlorides, in which the OH is replaced by a chloride.

Multiple bonds are a feature of other functional groups, such as the nitrile or cyano functional group, with a carbon at