Menopauze

Women's reproductive ability peaks in their 20s, after which ovarian function gradually declines, marked by a reduced response to gonadotropin signals.

As estrogen declines, menstrual periods become irregular and eventually stop, typically between ages 46 and 54. Perimenopause marks this transition, while menopause is defined as 12 consecutive months of amenorrhea.

Reducing estrogen levels in pre-menopausal women also causes mood swings, depression, and anxiety.

Post-menopause, the ovaries stop producing hormones, leading to atrophy of the reproductive organs and breasts, while adrenal sex steroids may still maintain sexual desire.

Reduced estrogen levels also cause a decline in bone mineral density.

In contrast, males experience a more subtle decline in reproductive function.

Around age 55, a decrease in testosterone synthesis can lead to reduced muscle strength, reduced number of viable sperm, and decreased sexual desire. However, sufficient sperm may still be present in old age for potential reproduction.

Most males over age 60 experience benign prostatic hyperplasia, an enlargement of the prostate that narrows the prostatic urethra, potentially causing urinary problems in some men.