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Consider a fluid flowing through a pipe; it encounters frictional resistance, causing energy losses known as major losses, resulting in a pressure drop along the pipe's length.

Fluid flow can be laminar or turbulent. In laminar flow, the fluid moves smoothly, and resistance depends on viscosity. In turbulent flow, chaotic motion with swirling eddies makes the pressure drop dependent on viscosity and pipe wall roughness.

Pressure drop depends on various factors, including viscosity, density, velocity, pipe dimensions, and surface roughness.

These factors are often analyzed using dimensionless numbers like the Reynolds number and relative roughness to characterize flow behavior.

The friction factor is crucial for calculating pressure drops in turbulent flow. It depends on the Reynolds number and relative roughness and is often determined using the Moody chart, which categorizes flow regimes.

The Darcy-Weisbach equation uses the friction factor to quantify energy loss. Engineers often use empirical equations like the Colebrook equation for accuracy, though they require iteration or approximations like the Haaland equation.

Even smooth pipes experience friction loss due to the no-slip condition. Over time, corrosion increases roughness, exacerbating pressure losses.