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Three key theories explain the need for self-esteem in humans.

First, the sociometer theory suggests that the need for self-esteem comes from an evolved drive to belong, connect, and gain approval from others.

This theory proposes that humans have evolved a psychological mechanism—known as a "sociometer"—to monitor social acceptance and rejection.

When individuals perceive a threat of rejection, their self-esteem drops, motivating them to seek approval and inclusion.

Second, the hierometer theory links the need for self-esteem to the desire for status, respect, and admiration within social hierarchies.

Research suggests that the pursuit of status—like the need to belong—is a fundamental human motivation. Successful experiences boost self-esteem, which can support continued success.

Lastly, terror management theory explains the need for self-esteem as a response to managing deep anxiety about awareness of one’s mortality.

To manage this fear, individuals adopt cultural worldviews that offer explanations for the origin of life, the purpose of existence, and a shared history filled with meaningful figures and events, serving as a psychological buffer against death-related anxiety.