Probiotics

Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when consumed in adequate amounts, provide health benefits to the host by supporting a balanced and healthy microbiota.

The most common probiotic microorganisms include Lactobacillus species and Bifidobacterium species.

Many of these microbes naturally inhabit the human gut, but they can also be found in fermented foods or dietary supplements.

Common probiotic-rich foods include yogurt, kefir, cheese, buttermilk, kombucha, and sauerkraut.

Probiotics compete with other microbes in the gut by occupying space, using available nutrients, and producing metabolites that support microbiota balance.

They also produce organic acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins. These lower the gut pH, preventing the overgrowth of opportunistic pathogens.

Probiotics further support health by synthesizing nutrients such as vitamin B12, folate, and vitamin K.

Probiotics also enhance mucin production, forming a thick mucus layer that prevents pathogens and toxins from entering the bloodstream.