1. Cortical brain organoid generation (Figure 1)
NOTE: All the steps in this section of the protocol will occur in a Class 2 biosafety hood unless stated otherwise.
- Induction of 2D neuroectodermal colonies from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) 2D culture (Days -1 to 3)
- Before induction, plate the hPSC colonies on a human embryonic stem cell (hESC) qualified basement membrane matrix in a 6-well plate at 20%-30% density. Achieve this density by passaging hPSC colonies from one well of a 6-well plate at 60% confluency into three wells of a 6-well plate.
- For basement membrane matrix coating, dilute the basement membrane matrix at a ratio of 1:50 in a plain basal medium. Evenly deposit 1 mL/well of a 6-well plate, incubate for 1 hour at room temperature (RT), and then aspirate.
- Maintain hPSC colonies for 1 day in 2 mL of a serum-free cell culture medium prior to differentiation.
- On the day of hPSC differentiation, inspect the hPSC colonies using brightfield microscopy at 4x to 10x magnification to ensure healthy colonies with no detectable differentiation.
NOTE: Healthy hPSCs will form tight edge colonies with cells that have a large nucleus, very small cytoplasm, and prominent nucleoli. Differentiated iPSC colonies will exhibit clear morphological differences to that of the described hPSC colonies above, particularly around the outer edges of the colonies or at the center.
- Add reagents listed in Table 1 to make up the N2 medium required for differentiation. Bring this medium to RT before use.
- Once at RT, aspirate the serum-free cell culture medium from each well of the 6-well plate and replace it with 2 mL of N2 medium gently added with a 5 mL serological pipette.
- Add the dual Suppressor of Mothers against Decapentaplegic (SMAD) inhibitors, SB-431542 (10 µM) and LDN 193189 (100 nM).
NOTE: The SMAD inhibitors can be added to the N2 medium after the medium has been placed in each well or to the required amount of N2 medium prior to replacing the serum-free cell culture medium. Inhibitors can be evenly incorporated into the medium by gently swirling the plate or inverting the tube containing the medium and inhibitors 3-4 times.
- Add fresh N2 media supplemented with SB-431542 (10 µM) and LDN 193189 (100 nM) daily to each well for the next 2 days.
NOTE: Fresh N2 medium is added to reduce the prolonged exposure of cells to the Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) that is used to dissolve SB-431542 and LDN 193189 compounds and prevent cytotoxicity.
- Generation of 3D neuroectodermal spheroids from induced 2D neuroectodermal colonies (Days 3 to 7)
- Lift the induced neuroectodermal colonies using dispase following steps 1.2.2-1.2.8.
- First, remove 2 mL of N2 medium from the 6-well plate, and wash 1x with HBSS to ensure that all of the N2 medium is removed.
NOTE: N2 medium can interfere with the enzyme activity of dispase, preventing adequate detachment of neuroectodermal colonies from the well.
- Add 1 mL of 2.4 unit/mL dispase to each colony-containing well.
- Incubate the well for 20-25 min (maximum 30 min) at 37 °C. Check for colony detachment regularly.
NOTE: Small colonies may detach within 20 minutes. Any colonies that remain stuck down after 30 min should be ignored.
- After incubation, add 1 mL of N2 medium to the well to stop the activity of the dispase enzyme and transfer the colonies into a 15 mL tube using a wide-bore P1000 pipette tip or a modified P1000 pipette tip cut with sterile scissors (making it a wide-bore P1000 tip).
- Allow the colony clumps to sink to the bottom of the tube with gravity.
NOTE: This process will take approximately 1 minute.
- Once the clumps have sunk, carefully remove the supernatant with a standard P1000 pipette tip and replace it with 1 mL of fresh N2 medium. Repeat this washing step three times to ensure complete removal of dispase.
NOTE: Any remaining dispase will prevent a uniform formation of neuroectodermal spheroids and induce cell death.
- After washing, resuspend the cell clumps in 3 mL of N2 medium, transfer to one well of a 6-well plate, and add 40 ng/mL of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF).
NOTE: If a high number of neuroectodermal colonies were detached, these colonies could be plated across two or more wells of a 6-well plate to prevent spheroids fusion. 24 h after dispase detachment of the colonies, check whether the spheroids have formed.
- Maintain the spheroids in the same media for the next 3-4 days but add fresh bFGF (40 ng/mL) to each well daily to promote neuroectodermal cell proliferation, self-organizing, and induce and expand neuroepithelia.
NOTE: If spheroids have been plated at a higher density, the media is likely to turn yellow and require replacing every 2 days with fresh bFGF (40 ng/mL). However, this is not recommended, and instead, a lower number of spheroids should be maintained in each well to avoid this issue. Spheroids can be embedded in the basement membrane matrix after 3 days if neuroepithelia are evident. If neuroepithelia are not evident or do not look strong, then maintain the spheroids for another day and check again.
Table 1: N2 Medium. The table lists the reagents required to prepare the N2 medium.
| Media components | Concentration |
| DMEM Nutrient mix F12 10x 500 mL (DMEM/F-12) | |
| N2 Supplement 5 mL (100x) | Supplmented at 1% |
| B 27 Supplement 10 mL | Supplemented at 2% |
| MEM Non-Essential Amino Acids Solution (100x) | Supplemented at 1% |
| Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL) | Supplemented at 1% |
| 2-Mercaptoethanol 50 mL(1000x ) | Supplemented at 0.1% |
