Method Article

Observatie en kwantificering van telomeren en repetitieve sequenties met behulp van fluorescentie In Situ Hybridisatie (FISH) met PNA Probes in Caenorhabditis elegans

DOI:

10.3791/54224

August 4th, 2016

In This Article

Summary

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We report a concise procedure of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) in the gonad and embryos of Caenorhabditis elegans for observing and quantifying repetitive sequences. We successfully observed and quantified two different repetitive sequences, telomere repeats and template of alternative lengthening of telomeres (TALT).

Abstract

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Telomere is a ribonucleoprotein structure that protects chromosomal ends from aberrant fusion and degradation. Telomere length is maintained by telomerase or an alternative pathway, known as alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT)1. Recently, C. elegans has emerged as a multicellular model organism for the study of telomere and ALT2. Visualization of repetitive sequences in the genome is critical in understanding the biology of telomeres. While telomere length can be measured by telomere restriction fragment assay or quantitative PCR, these methods only provide the averaged telomere length. On the contrary, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can provide the information of the individual telomeres in cells. Here, we provide protocols and representative results of the method to determine telomere length of C. elegans by fluorescent in situ hybridization. This method provides a simple, but powerful, in situ procedure that does not cause noticeable damage to morphology. By using fluorescently labeled peptide nucleic acid (PNA) and digoxigenin-dUTP-labeled probe, we were able to visualize two different repetitive sequences: telomere repeats and template of ALT (TALT) in C. elegans embryos and gonads.

Introduction

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Telomeer beschermt chromosomale uiteinden van afwijkende fusion en degradatie. Zoogdieren telomeer is samengesteld uit G-rijke hexamere herhalingen, TTAGGG en shelterin complexen. De telomere repeat sequentie van de nematode is vergelijkbaar met die van zoogdieren (TTAGGC). De meeste eukaryoten gebruik maken van telomerase aan telomeer herhalingen toe te voegen aan hun chromosomale uiteinden. Echter, 10-15% van kankercellen gebruik telomerase onafhankelijk mechanisme, bekend als alternatieve Verlenging van Telomeren (ALT) 3. Eerder hebben we gemeld dat telomeer herhalingen en de bijbehorende sequenties, genoemd als Talt, werden versterkt in de telomeren va....

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Protocol

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1. Labeling Probes met digoxigenine-dUTP door PCR

  1. Voer PCR labeling met 10x dNTP mengsel dat digoxigenine-dUTP zoals eerder beschreven 13.
  2. Zuiver PCR product met spin kolomzuivering volgens de instructies van de fabrikant.
    1. Als de probe korter dan 200 bp, verwijdert vrije digoxigenine-dUTP spin-kolomchromatografie uit het reactiemengsel plaats van spin-kolomzuivering.

2. Voorbereiden polylysine gecoate glaasjes

Opmerking: De gehele procedure duurt ongeveer 2 uur. Meeste stappen worden uitgevoerd bij kamertemperatuur met uitzondering van de droogstap.

  1. Het schoonmake....

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Results

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Eerder werd gemeld dat de ALT overlevende kan ontstaan ​​uit telomerase-deficiënte mutant, TRT-1 (ok410), in een lage frequentie door het repliceren van intern gelokaliseerde 'Template van ALT' (Talt) sequenties voor telomeren onderhoud 2. Gebruik PNA probe, konden we telomeren in ontleed geslachtsklieren (Figuur 2A) te visualiseren. De zwakke telomeer signaal werd waargenomen zowel in TRT-1 (ok410) en ALT overlevende. De fuzzy signaa.......

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Discussion

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Het belangrijkste voordeel van ons protocol is de eenvoud van de procedure zonder merkbare schade aan de morfologie van celstructuur. Verschillende stappen werden geoptimaliseerd voor C. elegans FISH in dit protocol. De kritische stappen voor een succesvolle vissen omvatten etikettering van probes, fixatie van embryo's en penetratie. Digoxigenine-dUTP labeling methode biedt een eenvoudig te gebruiken methode labeling met behulp van PCR of nick-translatie. Om lange doelsequentie te labelen, is nick-translati.......

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Disclosures

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

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Mutant worm strains were kindly provided by the Caenorhabditis Genetics Center. This research was supported by a grant of the Korea Health Technology R&D Project through the Korea Health Industry Development Institute (KHIDI), funded by the Ministry of Health & Welfare, Republic of Korea (grant number: HI14C1277).

....

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
PNA probePANAGENEcustom order
Anti-Digoxigenin-Fluorescein, Fab fragmentsRoche11207741910use 1:200 diluted in PBST
Digoxigenin-dUTPRoche11573152910
Bovine serum albuminSIGMA-ALDRICHA-7906
ParaformaldehydeSIGMA-ALDRICHP-6148prepare 4% paraformaldehyde by heating in DW with few drops of NaOH. add 0.1 volume of 10x PBS.
VectashieldVector LaboratoriesH-1200
Hybridizaiton solution3x SSC, 50% formamide, 10% (w/v) dextran sulfate, 50 μg/ml heparin, 100 μg/ml yeast tRNA , 100 μg/ml sonicated salmon sperm DNA
Hybridizaiton wash solution2x SSC, 50% formamide
FormamideBIONEERC-9012toxic
MethanolCarlo Erba
AcetoneCarlo Erba
HeparinSIGMA-ALDRICHH3393make 10 mg/ml for stock solution
Dextran sulfateSIGMA-ALDRICH67578
10x PBSFor 1 L DW : 80 g NaCl, 2.0 g KCl, 27 g Na2HPO4•7H2O, 2.4 g KH2PO
PBST1x PBS, 0.1% tween-20
Polysorbate 20SIGMA-ALDRICHP-2287Commercial name is Tween-20
Poly-L-Lysine solution (0.1% w/v)SIGMA-ALDRICHP-8920prepare fresh 0.01% w/v solution before use
M93 g KH2PO4, 6 g Na2HPO4, 5 g NaCl, 1 ml 1 M MgSO4, H2O to 1 L
Bleaching solution20% sodium hypochlorite, 0.5 M KOH
Antibody buffer1x PBST, 1 mM EDTA, 0.1% BSA, 0.05% Sodium azide (toxic)
Blocking solutionAntibody buffer with 5% bovine serum albumin (BSA)
illustra Microspin G-50GE healthcare27-53310-01
20x SSCTo make 1 L, 175.3 g of NaCl, 88.2 g of sodium citrate, H2O to 1 L, adjust pH to 7.0
2x SSCT2x SSC, 0.1% tween-20
10x digoxigenin-dUTP mix1 mM dATP, 1 mM dGTP, 1 mM dCTP, 0.65 mM dTTP, 0.35 mM DIG-11-dUTP
PCR purification columnsCosmo genetechCMR0112
Glass cleaner / ULTRA CLEANDukssan pure chemicals8AV721
Multi-well glass slideMP biomedicals96041205
Nematode growth mediaTo make 1 L, 3 g of NaCl, 17 g of agar, 2.5 g of peptone, H2O to 974 ml. Autoclave and cool the flask. Add 1 ml of 1 M CaCl2, 1 ml of 4 mg/ml cholesterol in ethanol, 1 ml of 1 M MgSO4, 25 ml of 1 M KPO4.
LevamisoleSIGMA-ALDRICH196142
RazorFeatherblade No. 11
Rnase AEnzynomics
BSASIGMA-ALDRICHA7906
Confocal microsopeZeissLSM 510EC Plan-Neofluar 100X was used as objective lens.
Humid chamberPlastic box filled with paper towel soaked in DW
Image Analysis Software Dr. Peter LandsdorpTFL-telohttp://www.flintbox.com/public/project/502

References

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  1. Reddel, R. R., Bryan, T. M., Murnane, J. P. Immortalized cells with no detectable telomerase activity. A review. Biochemistry-Moscow. 62, 1254-1262 (1997).
  2. Seo, B., et al. Telomere maintenance through recruitment of internal genomic regions. Nat Commun. <....

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Tags

Telomere FISHPNA ProbesC elegansFluorescence In Situ HybridizationTelomere LengthAlternative Lengthening of TelomeresTelomere QuantificationFluorescent MicroscopyProbe HybridizationAntibody Staining

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