Method Article

Visualiseren Stromule Frequency met fluorescentiemicroscopie

DOI:

10.3791/54692

November 23rd, 2016

In This Article

Summary

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Protocols to investigate the dynamics of chloroplast stromules, the stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of chloroplasts, are described.

Abstract

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Stromules, or "stroma-filled tubules", are narrow, tubular extensions from the surface of the chloroplast that are universally observed in plant cells but whose functions remain mysterious. Alongside growing attention on the role of chloroplasts in coordinating plant responses to stress, interest in stromules and their relationship to chloroplast signaling dynamics has increased in recent years, aided by advances in fluorescence microscopy and protein fluorophores that allow for rapid, accurate visualization of stromule dynamics. Here, we provide detailed protocols to assay stromule frequency in the epidermal chloroplasts of Nicotiana benthamiana, an excellent model system for investigating chloroplast stromule biology. We also provide methods for visualizing chloroplast stromules in vitro by extracting chloroplasts from leaves. Finally, we outline sampling strategies and statistical approaches to analyze differences in stromule frequencies in response to stimuli, such as environmental stress, chemical treatments, or gene silencing. Researchers can use these protocols as a starting point to develop new methods for innovative experiments to explore how and why chloroplasts make stromules.

Introduction

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Chloroplasts are dynamic organelles in plant cells responsible for photosynthesis and a host of other metabolic processes. Signaling pathways from the chloroplast also exert significant influence on plant physiology and development, coordinating plant responses to environmental stress, pathogens, and even leaf shape1-6. Recently, biologists have gained interest in a poorly understood aspect of chloroplast structure: stromules, very thin stroma-filled tubules that extend from the surface of the chloroplast7.

The biological functions of stromules remain unknown, although stromule frequency is known to vary in response to....

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Protocol

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LET OP: Voor dit protocol, hebben we ons gericht op het testen van stromule frequentie in de epidermis van N. benthamiana bladeren. Diverse stabiele transgene lijnen werden gegenereerd die kunnen worden gebruikt voor dit doel, zoals 35S PRO: FNRtp: EGFP 13 en NRIP1: Cerulean 6. Beide lijnen tonen robuuste expressie van fluoroforen in de chloroplast stroma van bladeren gekweekt onder uiteenlopende omstandigheden. Als alternatief kan-chloroplast gerichte fluoroforen transient worden uitgedrukt in N. benthamiana via Agrobacterium-transformaties 13. Dit is minder dan de ideale transg....

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Results

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Dit protocol werd gebruikt om stromule frequentie visualiseren overdag en 's nachts in de zaadlobben van jonge N. benthamiana zaailingen. Segmenten van een z-stack werden samengevoegd tot één beeld (figuur 1A). Voor visuele doeleinden, dat het was toen desaturated en omgekeerd, zodat stroma zwart is (Figuur 1B). De chloroplasten werden bestempeld, hetzij als zonder stromules (groene asterisk) of met ten minste één stromule (magenta .......

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Discussion

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Bij onderzoeken stromules moeten drie belangrijke factoren gedurende beschouwd: (i) manipulatie van het plantenweefsel moet tot een absoluut minimum worden gehouden, (ii) het experimentele systeem worden consequent gehouden, en (iii) bemonsteringsstrategieën moet zorgvuldig worden gepland verzekeren robuust zijn reproduceerbare data geanalyseerd.

Stromules zijn opmerkelijk dynamisch: ze kunnen verlengen en intrekken snel voor de ogen van een waarnemer onder de microscoop. Bovendien stromule .......

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Disclosures

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The authors have nothing to disclose.

Acknowledgements

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J.O.B. and A.M.R. were supported by predoctoral fellowships from the National Science Foundation.

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Materials

List of materials used in this article
NameCompanyCatalog NumberComments
HepesSigma-AldrichH3375
NaOHFischer-ScientificS320-1
SorbitolSigma-AldrichS1876
EDTAFischer-BiotechBP121
MnCl2Sigma-Aldrich221279
MgCl2Sigma-AldrichM0250
KClSigma-AldrichP3911
NaClSigma-AldrichS9625
Laser Scanning Confocal Microscope Carl Zeiss IncModel: LSM710
Carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA)Sigma-Aldrich21879 
Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)EMDMX1458-6
Waring blenderWaring Model: 31BL92
Fijifiji.scOpen-source software for analyzing biological images

References

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  1. Koussevitzky, S., et al. Signals from chloroplasts converge to regulate nuclear gene expression. Science. 316 (5825), 715-719 (2007).
  2. Burch-Smith, T. M., Brunkard, J. O., Choi, Y. G., Zambryski, P. C. PNAS Plus: Organelle-nucl....

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Tags

Stromule FrequencyFluorescence MicroscopyChloroplast IsolationConfocal MicroscopyStromule VisualizationNicotiana BenthamianaChloroplast StromulesStromule AnalysisStromule FormationStromule Dynamics

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