Name: leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Photosynthesis

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="4">Chromatografia pigmentów roślinnych i pływające dyski liściowe w próżni
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Paski chromatograficzne (pasek 18 X 3-4 cm)">Paski chromatograficzne (pasek 18 X 3-4 cm)</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="kwota" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Rozpuszczalnik chromatograficzny (90% eteru naftowego i 10% acetonu, 10 mL)">Rozpuszczalnik chromatograficzny (90% eteru naftowego i 10% acetonu, 10 mL)</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="ilość" data-value="50">50</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value="ml">ml</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Środki do czyszczenia rur">Środki do czyszczenia rur</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="kwota" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Plastikowe jednorazowe strzykawki (20 mL)">Plastikowe jednorazowe strzykawki (20 mL)</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="ilość" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Spinacze do papieru">Spinacze do papieru</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="ilość" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Szalki Petrydisa ">Szalki Petrydisa </div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="kwota" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Plastikowe/szklane zlewki (400 mL)">Plastikowe/szklane zlewki (400 mL)</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="ilość" data-value="15">15</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Dziurkacz ">Dziurkacz </div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="kwota" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Linijka">Linijka</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="kwota" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Marker permanentny">Marker permanentny</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="kwota" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Ołówek">Ołówek</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="kwota" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Mydło do naczyń w płynie Dawn (1 butelka)">Płyn do mycia naczyń Dawn (1 butelka)</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="ilość" data-value="1">1</span>
									<span class="jednostka" data-value="na stację">na stację</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Liście szpinaku ">Liście szpinaku </div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="ilość" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="W zależności od wielkości laboratorium" ">W zależności od wielkości laboratorium. </span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="składnik" data-value="Wodorowęglan sodu/soda oczyszczona">Wodorowęglan sodu/soda oczyszczona</div>
								<div class="ilość składników">
									<span class="ilość" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="W zależności od wielkości laboratorium" ">W zależności od wielkości laboratorium. </span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

fotosynteza

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">Chromatografia pigmentów roślinnych i pływające dyski liściowe w próżni
<button class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">Dzień przed eksperymentem napełnij pojemnik wodą.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">Umieść liście szpinaku w wodzie i upewnij się, że są zanurzone.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">Pozostaw liście szpinaku na noc do namoczenia w temperaturze pokojowej.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">Zakładając rękawiczki, przygotuj i odmierz odcinki papieru chromatograficznego o wymiarach 18 cm x 304 cm.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">Przygotuj roztwór wodorowęglanu do drugiego eksperymentu, łącząc 0,25 g NaHCO3 z 300 ml wody. Dodaj jedną odrobinę płynu do naczyń do roztworu i delikatnie wymieszaj.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">Jeśli roztwór jest nadal mydlany, dodaj więcej wodorowęglanu.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">Aby uzyskać roztwór kontrolny, połącz 300 ml wody z jednym strumieniem płynu do naczyń. Delikatnie wymieszaj i staraj się unikać mydlin.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">Tuż przed rozpoczęciem eksperymentu wybierz kilka liści szpinaku o podobnej gładkości i grubości, bez zbyt wielu dużych żyłek.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">Użyj dziurkacza, aby utworzyć 20 jednolitych krążków z liści dla każdego ucznia lub grupy.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">Co to jest fotosynteza?</h4><p>Fotosynteza to zamiana światła słonecznego w energię użytkową i możliwą do magazynowania. Autotrofy (takie jak rośliny) wykorzystują dwutlenek węgla, wodę i energię pozyskiwaną ze światła słonecznego do wytwarzania glukozy i tlenu w procesie fotosyntezy, zapewniając w ten sposób główne źródło energii w sieci pokarmowej.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">W jaki sposób rośliny wykorzystują energię słoneczną?</h4><p>Rośliny wytwar...

Fotosynteza

Chromatografia pigmentów roślinnych i pływające krążki liściowe w próżni
RozwińW dniu poprzedzającym eksperyment napełnij pojemnik wodą.
Ułóż szpinak ...

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Podrozdziały instrukcji laboratoryjnej

leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs

<p class="jove_content">Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one squirt of dish soap and mix gently. If the solution stays sudsy, add more bicarbonate.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A control solution is prepared separately with 300 mL water and one squirt of dish soap. Mix this gently and avoid creating suds. Just before the lab begins, choose spinach leaves that are similar in smoothness and thickness and do not have too many large veins. Use a hole punch to make 20 uniform discs for each student or group.</p>

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

leaf-pigment-prep-for-chromatography-labs

photosynthesis

Spinach Pigments and Leaf Disc Photosynthesis

Spinach leaves contain pigments that can be separated by chromatography. In this lab, chromatography paper is used to move the pigments at different rates so their colors and positions can be compared. By measuring how far each pigment travels and calculating its retention factor, or Rf value, students can identify the pigments by matching them with literature values.<br /><br />The chromatography setup starts with a pencil line drawn 2 centimeters from one end of the paper. A spinach leaf is pressed...

Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.<br /><br />The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare spinach leaves, chromatography paper, bicarbonate solution, and leaf discs for a high school photosynthesis lab on pigments and floating discs.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

3.1.9-12.J

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

<p>Czy zastanawiałeś się kiedyś, dlaczego każdej jesieni liście na drzewach zmieniają kolor z zielonego na odcienie żółci, pomarańczy i czerwieni? Co przede wszystkim nadaje liściom ich jasne kolory? Odpowiedź leży w organellach roślinnych zwanych chloroplastami, które zawierają pigmenty, które pochłaniają pewne długości fal w świetle słonecznym i odbijają inne. Jeden szczególny pigment, chlorofil, jest najbardziej obfity latem. Pochłania wysokoenergetyczne, fioletowe, niebieskie i czerwone fale ze światła słonecznego i odbija zielone długości fal, nadając liściom zielony wygląd. W liściach znajdują się inne pigmenty, takie jak karotenoidy, które odbijają światło czerwone i żółte. Jesienią liście przestają uzupełniać swoje pigmenty. Ponieważ chlorofil rozkłada się szybciej niż inne pigmenty, kolory tych karotenoidów są zdemaskowane.</p><p>Obecność różnych pigmentów w zielonym liściu można wykazać za pomocą bibuły chromatograficznej, hydrofilowego polimeru, który rozdziela cząsteczki na podstawie ich rozpuszczalności w określonym rozpuszczalniku. Najpierw na papier ładowany jest ekstrakt z liści. Kiedy papier jest zanurzany w organicznym rozpuszczalniku hydrofobowym, rozpuszczalnik przemieszcza się wzdłuż papieru w wyniku działania kapilarnego, a po drodze oddziela różne pigmenty w ekstrakcie z liści. Pigmenty, które są najbardziej hydrofobowe, są przenoszone dalej w górę papieru. Natomiast pigmenty hydrofilowe wiążą się z celulozą, co utrudnia ich przemieszczanie się. Po posortowaniu wszystkich pigmentów według ich hydrofobowości możemy obliczyć współczynnik retencji lub wartości Rf. Wartość Rf to stosunek odległości przebytej przez pigment do odległości przebytej przez rozpuszczalnik. Każdy pigment ma unikalną wartość Rf i możemy łatwo zidentyfikować pigmenty, porównując obliczone wartości ze standardami. Fotosynteza, proces, w którym rośliny przekształcają dwutlenek węgla, wodę i energię świetlną w energię chemiczną i tlen, odbywa się głównie w liściach rośliny, a chlorofil odgrywa w tym procesie kluczową rolę. Chloroplasty zawierają dziesiątki cząsteczek chlorofilu, z których każda wykonuje określone zadanie i oddziałuje w złożony sposób. Ostatecznie energia świetlna powoduje, że cząsteczki chlorofilu oddają elektrony, które są wykorzystywane w innych procesach metabolicznych. Dlatego chlorofil potrzebuje ciągłego dopływu elektronów, aby zastąpić te, które traci. Te zastępcze elektrony pochodzą z rozszczepienia cząsteczek wody na protony, elektrony i cząsteczki tlenu. Przy dużych szybkościach fotosyntezy woda jest szybciej rozszczepiana w celu uzupełnienia elektronów, a tlen jest szybko wytwarzany.</p><p>Zjawisko to pomaga nam ocenić szybkość fotosyntezy w laboratorium, po prostu zawieszając krążki liści w roztworze wodorowęglanu, w którym wodorowęglan działa jako bogate źródło węgla. Na początku eksperymentu z dyskiem liściowym gazy są wypychane z krążków liściowych poprzez zastosowanie podciśnienia z podciśnieniem w strzykawce. Krążki liściowe z wydalanymi gazami stają się cięższe i opadają na dno roztworu wodorowęglanu po przeniesieniu do zlewki. Kiedy zachodzi fotosynteza, woda w środowisku jest rozdzielana w celu uzupełnienia elektronów chlorofilu. Powstały tlen sprawia, że dyski stają się lżejsze, co z czasem powoduje ich wypływanie na powierzchnię. Środowiska, które pozwalają na wyższe tempo fotosyntezy, mają dyski, które unoszą się szybciej.</p><p>W tym laboratorium najpierw oddzielisz i zidentyfikujesz pigmenty w liściach szpinaku za pomocą bibuły chromatograficznej. Następnie ocenisz szybkość fotosyntezy w wodzie i roztworze wodorowęglanowym za pomocą eksperymentu z dyskiem liściowym.</p>

photosynthesis: light, sugars, and carbon

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis turns sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process powers most life on Earth by helping autotrophs, or primary producers, make food. The glucose they make can provide quick energy or be stored as starch for later use. Consumers depend on these producers for energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis happens in many kinds of organisms. Cyanobacteria, some protists such as algae, and plants can all carry out this process. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts look green because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Plants use several pigments to capture light. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. Other pigments, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, absorb or reflect different wavelengths and often appear yellow to red. In autumn, when chlorophyll levels drop in temperate regions, these pigments become visible and leaves change color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. These stages happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an inner thylakoid membrane that forms disc-like folds. The space between the inner membrane and thylakoids is the stroma.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-dependent reactions begin in the thylakoid membrane when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. Those electrons move through an electron transport chain, dropping to lower energy levels and releasing energy. The cell uses that energy to make ATP and NADPH. Water splitting, also called hydrolysis, replaces the lost electrons in chlorophyll. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps keep the flow of electrons going.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. They use ATP and NADPH from the first stage to build a three-carbon sugar from carbon dioxide. That sugar can then be turned into glucose or other biomolecules. This is also called carbon fixation or carbon sequestration because carbon is pulled from the atmosphere and stored in living molecules.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis plays a major role in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide moves between reservoirs at a steady pace, but changes in that flow can upset the balance. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere can raise temperatures. Much of the extra carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels, which returns ancient carbon to the air very quickly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Forests and ocean algae help lower carbon dioxide levels, so deforestation is a serious concern in a changing climate. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis as a way to make carbon-neutral biofuels. Like solar panels, these methods take energy from the sun and store it as chemical energy instead of electricity. Researchers have also used photosynthetic bacteria to make simple sugars, lactic acid, biodegradable plastics, and even medically useful compounds, including substances studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Photosynthesis: Light, Sugars, and Carbon

Autotrofy

Prawie wszystkie żywe organizmy na Ziemi zależą od fotosyntezy, czyli procesu, który przekształca energię słoneczną w cukier prosty zwany ...

Sprawdź swoją wiedzę na temat Fotosynteza za pomocą tego quizu oceniającego z zakresu Biology na platformie JoVE Lab Manual. Obejmuje kluczowe pojęcia poprzez pytania oparte na filmach, zaprojektowane w celu oceny uczenia się studentów.

Fotosynteza w Biology - Quiz oceniający | JoVE Lab Manual

Postępuj zgodnie z procedurami Fotosynteza krok po kroku w tym 8-minutowym filmie z protokołem studenckim. Część kolekcji Biology na JoVE Lab Manual.

Protokół studencki dla Fotosynteza w Biology - Ponad 32K wyświetleń | JoVE Lab Manual

Compounds Essential to Human Function

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Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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ATP Energy Storage and Release

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

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Introduction to Actin

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Cell Structure

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Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory ...

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of ...

Types of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains &#8212; Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

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