Name: how prokaryotic dna is copied
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:08.548Z
Duration: 2 min 57 s
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Replication in Prokaryotes

In prokaryotes, DNA replication begins when initiator proteins bind to the origin of replication, a small region of DNA containing a specific sequence of bases, creating a complex.

This complex helps to initially separate the DNA. Then the enzyme DNA helicase binds to it and continues to unwind the DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the complementary strands. The newly opened areas are stabilized by single-stranded DNA binding proteins. Each one can now serve as a template for the synthesis of a new strand of DNA.

The unwinding and synthesis proceeds in both directions from the origin, creating two replication forks. In front of the forks, topoisomerase enzymes bind to the DNA and reduce torsional strain as the molecule unwinds.

Once the strands are separated, another enzyme, primase, synthesizes an RNA primer, a short stretch of RNA complementary to the DNA sequence. The primer provides a place for the enzyme DNA polymerase to add nucleotides complementary to the DNA sequence, creating a new DNA strand in a process called elongation.

DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA in the five prime to three prime direction of the molecule, so the synthesis of this strand, the leading strand, proceeds continuously. The other strand, the lagging strand, has the opposite orientation. Consequently DNA is synthesized in short pieces called Okazaki fragments, elongated from additional RNA primers backwards from the overall direction of movement of the replication fork.

The RNA primers are then excised by enzymes such as RNAs, replaced with DNA, and the DNA fragments are joined together by the enzyme DNA ligase, creating a continuous strand.

DNA replication proceeds around the entire molecule, resulting in two circular DNA molecules. This is considered a semiconservative process, because each molecule contains one old strand and one new strand.

replikacja u prokariotów

<h4>Przegl&#x105;d</h4>

Replikacja DNA sk&#x142;ada si&#x119; z trzech g&#x142;&#xF3;wnych etap&#xF3;w: inicjacji, elongacji i terminacji. Replikacja u prokariot&#xF3;w rozpoczyna si&#x119;, gdy bia&#x142;ka inicjuj&#x105;ce wi&#x105;&#x17C;&#x105; si&#x119; z pojedynczym pocz&#x105;tkiem replikacji (ori) na okr&#x105;g&#x142;ym chromosomie kom&#xF3;rki. Replikacja przebiega nast&#x119;pnie wok&#xF3;&#x142; ca&#x142;ego ko&#x142;a chromosomu w ka&#x17C;dym kierunku od dw&#xF3;ch wide&#x142;ek replikacyjnych, w wyniku czego powstaj&#x105; dwie cz&#x105;steczki DNA.

<h4>Wiele bia&#x142;ek wsp&#xF3;&#x142;pracuje ze sob&#x105;, aby replikowa&#x107; chromosom</h4>

Replikacja jest koordynowana i przeprowadzana przez szereg wyspecjalizowanych bia&#x142;ek. Topoizomeraza rozrywa jedn&#x105; stron&#x119; dwuniciowego szkieletu fosforanowo-cukrowego DNA, umo&#x17C;liwiaj&#x105;c szybsze rozwijanie helisy DNA, podczas gdy helikaza rozrywa wi&#x105;zania mi&#x119;dzy parami zasad na wide&#x142;kach, rozdzielaj&#x105;c DNA na dwie nici matrycowe. Bia&#x142;ka wi&#x105;&#x17C;&#x105;ce jednoniciowe cz&#x105;steczki DNA stabilizuj&#x105; nici podczas przemieszczania si&#x119; wide&#x142;ek replikacyjnych wzd&#x142;u&#x17C; chromosomu. DNA mo&#x17C;na syntetyzowa&#x107; tylko w kierunku od 5&#x2019; do 3&#x2019;, wi&#x119;c jedna ni&#x107; matrycy &#x2014; ni&#x107; wiod&#x105;ca &#x2014; jest wyd&#x142;u&#x17C;ana w spos&#xF3;b ci&#x105;g&#x142;y, podczas gdy druga ni&#x107; &#x2014; ni&#x107; op&#xF3;&#x17A;niona &#x2014; jest syntetyzowana w kr&#xF3;tszych fragmentach po 1000-2000 par zasad, zwanych Fragmenty Okazakiego.

<h4>W wyd&#x142;u&#x17C;aniu bierze udzia&#x142; wiele polimeraz</h4>

Wiele bada&#x144; maj&#x105;cych na celu zrozumienie replikacji prokariotycznego DNA przeprowadzono na bakterii Escherichia coli, powszechnie u&#x17C;ywanym organizmie modelowym. E. coli ma 5 polimeraz DNA: Pol I, II, III, IV i V. Pol III odpowiada za wi&#x119;kszo&#x15B;&#x107; replikacji DNA. Mo&#x17C;e polimeryzowa&#x107; oko&#x142;o 1000 par zasad na sekund&#x119;. To zdumiewaj&#x105;ce tempo pozwala maszynerii znajduj&#x105;cej si&#x119; na dw&#xF3;ch wide&#x142;kach replikacyjnych zduplikowa&#x107; chromosom E. coli &#x2014; 4,6 miliona par zasad &#x2014; w oko&#x142;o 40 minut. Polimeraza DNA I jest r&#xF3;wnie&#x17C; dobrze scharakteryzowana; jego podstawow&#x105; rol&#x105; jest usuni&#x119;cie starter&#xF3;w RNA z pocz&#x105;tku fragment&#xF3;w Okazaki na nici op&#xF3;&#x17A;nionej.

<h4>Kiedy podzia&#x142; przewy&#x17C;sza powielanie</h4>

W sprzyjaj&#x105;cych warunkach wzrostu E. coli dzieli si&#x119; co 20 minut, co stanowi oko&#x142;o po&#x142;ow&#x119; czasu potrzebnego do replikacji genomu. Jak to mo&#x17C;liwe, skoro obie kom&#xF3;rki potomne musz&#x105; mie&#x107; w&#x142;asne DNA? Naukowcy odkryli, &#x17C;e bakterie mog&#x105; rozpocz&#x105;&#x107; kolejn&#x105; rund&#x119; replikacji DNA od pocz&#x105;tku replikacji przed zako&#x144;czeniem pierwszej rundy; oznacza to, &#x17C;e kom&#xF3;rki potomne otrzymuj&#x105; chromosom, kt&#xF3;ry jest ju&#x17C; w trakcie kopiowania i jest przygotowany do bardzo szybkiego ponownego podzia&#x142;u.

Replikacja u prokariotów

Overview

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to ...

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how prokaryotic dna is copied

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules.

Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the double-stranded DNA phosphate-sugar backbone so the helix can unwind more quickly. Helicase breaks the bonds between base pairs at the fork and separates the DNA into two template strands. Single-strand DNA-binding proteins then stabilize the exposed strands as the fork moves along the chromosome.

DNA synthesis can only happen in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Because of this, the leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in short sections called Okazaki fragments. These fragments are about 1000 to 2000 base pairs long.

Research on this process has often used Escherichia coli, a common model organism. E. coli has five DNA polymerases: Pol I, II, III, IV, and V. Pol III does most of the replication and can add about 1,000 base pairs per second. That speed helps the two replication forks copy the 4.6 million base pair chromosome in about 40 minutes. Pol I is also well studied, and its main role is to remove the RNA primers at the start of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Under favorable growth conditions, E. coli can divide every 20 minutes, which is faster than the time needed to copy the genome once. Scientists found that the cell can start another round of replication before the first one is finished. As a result, daughter cells receive a chromosome that is already being copied and can divide again very quickly.

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

the dna helix

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century. Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and...

dna packaging

Chromatin and Histones in DNA Packing

Eukaryotic cells must pack long DNA molecules into the nucleus, and chromatin makes that possible. DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which are the main unit of DNA packaging. Nucleosomes then coil into compact chromatin fibers. The amount of DNA in a cell is much larger than it first seems. A single human skin cell has about 3 billion base pairs of DNA, and if that DNA were stretched out in a line, it would be about 2 meters long. With about 50 trillion cells in...

organization of genes

Genes, Introns, and Regulatory DNA

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karyotyping

Chromosome Stains for Detecting Disorders

Chromosome staining helps scientists find genetic disorders by showing the number and physical features of chromosomes. These features appear after DNA condenses into chromosomes during mitosis. Cytogeneticists then stop mitosis and stain the chromosomes to study their banding pattern. The pattern reveals details such as chromosome number, shape, and type. A chromosome description like this is called a karyotype. To create one, scientists take an image of the stained chromosomes and identify...

replication in prokaryotes

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules. Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying and Telomeres

Eukaryotic DNA copying is tightly regulated and must duplicate many linear chromosomes before cell division. The process is highly conserved and uses many proteins with specialized roles. It moves through initiation, elongation, and termination, and it ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic replication shares basic steps with prokaryotic DNA replication, but the larger genome and linear chromosomes require more proteins. Replication begins at multiple origins of...

proofreading

DNA Polymerase Fixes Replication Errors

DNA polymerase helps copy DNA and fix mistakes during replication. It adds nucleotides in a sequence that matches the template DNA strand. The enzyme also has a higher affinity for the correct base, which helps keep DNA replication accurate. As new genomic DNA is made, it is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. In many cells, DNA polymerases have different jobs in this process. DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon can proofread when nuclear DNA is being copied. These polymerases...

mismatch repair

DNA Mismatch Repair in Replication

DNA mismatch repair fixes copying errors that happen during DNA replication. When DNA polymerase makes a mistake, the cell can detect a wrong base pair, such as A with G or T with C, and replace it with the correct nucleotide. This repair system works in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and depends on several proteins. The Mutator protein family plays a central role in this process. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, MutS first binds the mismatch. MutL then helps identify which strand is the...

nucleotide excision repair

DNA Damage Repair by Excision

DNA damage repair by excision protects cells from mutagens that can change DNA. Exposure to environmental mutagens can create bulky lesions that bend the double helix or block transcription. If these changes are not repaired, they can lead to mutations and may contribute to cancer or disease, depending on which DNA sequences are affected. Nucleotide excision repair, or NER, is the process that detects and removes this kind of damage. Specialized proteins scan the DNA for a damaged region, then...

mutations

DNA Changes From Point Mutations to UV Damage

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transcription

Transcription and Gene Control

Transcription and gene control explain how cells make RNA from DNA and decide which genes are active. RNA polymerase copies a DNA sequence into RNA, and this is the first step in making a protein from a gene. Many other proteins and control sequences help make messenger RNA, or mRNA, correctly. In eukaryotes, the DNA is first copied into a primary RNA, also called pre-mRNA. This RNA can then be processed into mature mRNA, which serves as the template for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes such...

translation

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding

Protein synthesis begins when ribosomes decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and build a chain of amino acids. This final step of gene expression is called translation. The finished chain is a polypeptide, which can later become a functional protein. Proteins are often called the building blocks of life because they make up much of the body, from muscle fibers to hairs and immune system parts. The instructions for each protein are encoded in genes found in the DNA of every cell. In biology, the central...

bacterial transformation

Griffith’s Mouse Experiment and DNA

Bacterial transformation explains how DNA can move into bacteria and change their traits. Frederick Griffith first noticed this in 1928 while studying pneumonia-causing Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. He compared one pathogenic strain with one non-pathogenic strain and found that only the pathogenic strain killed the host mice. Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic bacteria and mixed their remains with live, non-pathogenic bacteria. The mixture killed the mice,...

key terms and concepts

Explore how prokaryotic DNA is copied, from origin binding and replication forks to leading and lagging strands, polymerases, and fast E. coli division.

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied | JoVE K12

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BIO1.LS1.6

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

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