Name: phosphorus movement in soil and water
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

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The Phosphorus Cycle

W obiegu fosforowym atomy fosforu występują przede wszystkim w skale, a nie w stanie gazowym. Kiedy skała ulega erozji, fosfor jest uwalniany i rozpuszcza się w strumieniach, jeziorach i wodach gruntowych.

Rośliny i glony wykorzystują te wolne nieorganiczne fosforany w glebie lub wodzie do produkcji cząsteczek organicznych. Następnie, spożywając rośliny, heterotrofy wykorzystują zapasy fosforu, aby zbudować własne związki. Kiedy organizmy umierają, rozkładające się cząsteczki fosforu rozbijają i uwalniają nieorganiczny fosforan, który jest ponownie wykorzystywany przez rośliny i glony, w procesie zwanym mineralizacją fosforanów.

Podczas gdy fosforany szybko przechodzą przez organizmy w łańcuchu pokarmowym, mają dłuższy czas przebywania w wodzie. Rozpuszczone jony fosforanowe reagują, tworząc nierozpuszczalne związki, które wytrącają się w oceanie i stają się osadem, następnie skałą, a w wyniku wypiętrzenia tektonicznego ostatecznie wracają do środowiska.

Ponieważ jednak ilość fosforu w środowisku jest ograniczona, należy go dostarczać roślinom uprawnym jako nawóz, aby uzyskać maksymalne plony. Nadmiar fosforu spływa do ekosystemów wodnych, powodując różne problemy środowiskowe, takie jak zakwity glonów.

Watson, Andrew J., Timothy M. Lenton i Benjamin J. W. Mills. "Detlenacja oceanów, globalny cykl fosforu i możliwość spowodowanej przez człowieka anosji oceanicznej na dużą skalę." Transakcje filozoficzne. Seria A, Nauki Matematyczne, Fizyczne i Inżynierskie 375, nr 2102 (13 września 2017 r.). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0318" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]

White, Angelicque i Sonya Dyhrman. "Morski cykl fosforu". Frontiers in Microbiology 4 (21 maja 2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00105" target="__blank">Źródło</a>]

cykl fosforu

W przeciwieństwie do węgla, wody i azotu fosfor nie występuje w atmosferze w postaci gazu. Zamiast tego większość fosforu w ekosystemie występuje w postaci związków, takich jak jony fosforanowe (PO43-), występujące w glebie, wodzie, osadach i skałach. Fosfor jest często składnikiem odżywczym ograniczającym (tj. niedostępnym). W związku z tym do większości nawozów rolniczych dodaje się fosfor, co może powodować problemy środowiskowe związane ze spływem w ekosystemach wodnych.

<h4>Biologiczny cykl fosforu</h4>

Fosfor występuje w wielu ważnych strukturach biologicznych, takich jak DNA, błony komórkowe, kości i zęby. Nie występuje w atmosferze w postaci gazowej, ale występuje w minerałach, osadach, popiele wulkanicznym i aerozolach. W miarę upływu czasu skały i osady ulegają procesowi starzenia, uwalniając nieorganiczny fosforan, który stopniowo dociera do gleby i wód powierzchniowych. Rośliny absorbują i włączają te fosforany do cząsteczek organicznych. Zwierzęta pozyskują i włączają fosforany poprzez spożywanie roślin i innych zwierząt. Kiedy rośliny i zwierzęta obumierają lub wydalają odpady, fosforany organiczne wracają do gleby i są rozkładane przez bakterie—w procesie zwanym mineralizacją fosforanów—do form nieorganicznych, które mogą być ponownie wykorzystane przez rośliny.

<h4>Geochemiczny cykl fosforu</h4>

Naturalny spływ może transportować fosforany do rzek, jezior i oceanów, gdzie mogą zostać połknięte przez organizmy wodne. Kiedy organizmy wodne giną lub wydalają odpady, związki zawierające fosfor mogą opaść na dno oceanu i ostatecznie utworzyć warstwy osadowe. W ciągu tysięcy lat wypiętrzenie geologiczne może spowodować powrót skał zawierających fosfor z oceanu na ląd.

<h4>Wpływ człowieka na cykl fosforu</h4>

Podobnie jak azot, fosfor jest często czynnikiem ograniczającym wzrost roślin w środowisku naturalnym, co doprowadziło do praktyki rolniczej polegającej na dodawaniu fosforu do nawozów w celu zwiększenia plonów. Jednakże ścieki rolnicze powstałe w wyniku tej praktyki mogą stymulować szybki rozwój producentów wodnych, powodując różnorodne problemy środowiskowe.

Cykl fosforu

W przeciwieństwie do węgla, wody i azotu, fosfor nie występuje w atmosferze w postaci gazu. Zamiast tego większość fosforu w ekosystemie występuje w postaci związków, ...

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phosphorus movement in soil and water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments.

Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then moves into soil and surface water.

Plants absorb phosphate and build it into organic molecules. Animals get phosphorus by eating plants and other animals. When plants and animals die or excrete waste, organic phosphates return to the soil. Bacteria break them down through phosphate mineralization and convert them back into inorganic forms that plants can use again.

Runoff can carry phosphates into rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Aquatic organisms can take in this phosphorus. When they die or excrete waste, phosphorus-containing compounds may sink to the ocean floor and form sediment layers. Over thousands of years, geological uplift can bring phosphorus-rich rocks back onto land.

Human activity also affects the phosphorus cycle. Farmers add phosphorus to fertilizers because it can limit plant growth and crop yield. But fertilizer runoff can reach aquatic ecosystems. There, it can trigger rapid growth of aquatic producers and create environmental problems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

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Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

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GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

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Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

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Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

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Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

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Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how phosphorus moves from rocks to soil, plants, animals, and water, and how fertilizer runoff can disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

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Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

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