Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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Chemistry

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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Pierwiastek to czysta substancja, która zawiera tylko jeden rodzaj atomu. Obecnie odkryto 118 pierwiastków, które występują w przyrodzie lub zostały zsyntetyzowane w laboratorium.
Pierwiastki różnią się znacznie pod względem obfitości. Najobficiej występującymi pierwiastkami w skorupie ziemskiej są tlen, krzem, aluminium, żelazo i wapń. Dla porównania, atmosfera ziemska składa się głównie z azotu i tlenu.
W układzie okresowym pierwiastków każdy kwadrat zawiera co najmniej liczbę atomową i symbol chemiczny.
Symbol chemiczny to jedno- lub dwuliterowy skrót nadany pierwiastkowi.  Pierwsza litera jest pisana wielką literą, a druga, jeśli to konieczne, jest mała, aby uniknąć pomyłek ze związkami zawierającymi dwa pierwiastki.  Często ten symbol jest pierwszą literą lub literami angielskiej nazwy elementu. Jednak niektóre symbole wywodzą się z korzeni greckich, łacińskich lub niemieckich. 
Do symbolu chemicznego można dodać dodatkowe szczegóły. Liczba atomowa, która jest również liczbą protonów, jest notowana w pozycji lewego indeksu dolnego.  Liczba ta jest zawsze taka sama dla danego elementu i czasami jest pomijana, ponieważ się nie zmienia.
Liczba masowa - liczba protonów plus neutrony - jest wskazywana w lewej pozycji indeksu górnego.  Liczba ta określa konkretny izotop pierwiastka, takiego jak węgiel-12 lub węgiel-13.
Izotop to odmiana pierwiastka, w której liczba neutronów w jądrze jest różna, ale liczba protonów - również liczba atomowa - jest taka sama. Powoduje to różne masy atomowe, ale nie wpływa na ładunek atomu.  Na przykład wodór pierwiastkowy ma trzy naturalnie występujące izotopy: najobficiej występująca forma nie zawiera neutronów; drugi to deuter, zawierający jeden neutron; Trzeci to tryt, który zawiera dwa neutrony.
Podczas gdy standardowy atom wodoru i deuter są stabilne w warunkach naturalnych, inne izotopy, takie jak tryt, rozpadają się na inne substancje pod wpływem emisji energii. Są one znane jako izotopy promieniotwórcze.

<ol>
	<li>Pothoof, Justin, Grace Nguyen, Dawn Archey, E. Prasad Venugopal i Mark A. Benvenuto. "Element 118: Nauczanie nowego elementu dla nowych uczniów". W: Elementy stare i nowe: odkrycia, rozwój, wyzwania i implikacje środowiskowe, s. 195-201. Amerykańskie Towarzystwo Chemiczne, 2017.</li>
	<li>Krebs, Robert E. Historia i zastosowanie pierwiastków chemicznych naszej ziemi: przewodnik referencyjny. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.</li>
	<li>Clayton, Donald. Podręcznik izotopów w kosmosie: Wodór do galu. Tom 1. Cambridge University Press, 2003.</li>
</ol>

elementy: symbole chemiczne i izotopy

Symbol chemiczny to skrót używany do wskazania pierwiastka lub atomu pierwiastka. Na przykład symbolem rtęci jest Hg. Ten sam symbol jest używany do oznaczenia jednego atomu rtęci (domena mikroskopowa) lub do oznaczenia pojemnika zawierającego wiele atomów pierwiastka rtęci (domena makroskopowa).

Niektóre symbole wywodzą się od popularnej angielskiej nazwy pierwiastka, inne to skróty nazwy w innym języku — łacińskim, greckim lub niemieckim. Na przykład symbolem aluminium (nazwa zwyczajowa) jest Al, natomiast symbolem żelaza jest Fe, co wywodzi się od jego łacińskiej nazwy „Ferrum”. Większość symboli składa się z jednej lub dwóch liter, ale do opisania niektórych pierwiastków o liczbie atomowej większej niż 112 używano symboli trzyliterowych. Aby uniknąć pomyłki z innymi oznaczeniami, wielką literą jest tylko pierwsza litera symbolu. Na przykład Co jest symbolem pierwiastka kobaltu, ale CO jest zapisem złożonego tlenku węgla, który zawiera atomy pierwiastków węgla (C) i tlenu (O).

Tradycyjnie odkrywca (lub odkrywcy) nowego pierwiastka nadawali mu nazwę. Jednakże do czasu uznania nazwy przez Międzynarodową Unię Chemii Czystej i Stosowanej (IUPAC) zalecana nazwa nowego pierwiastka opiera się na łacińskich słowach oznaczających jego liczbę atomową. Na przykład pierwiastek 106 nazywano unnilhexium (Unh), pierwiastek 107 nazywano unnilseptium (Uns), a pierwiastek 108 przez kilka lat nazywano unniloctium (Uno). Pierwiastki te są teraz nazywane imionami naukowców (lub czasami lokalizacji); na przykład pierwiastek 106 jest obecnie znany jako seaborgium (Sg) na cześć Glenna Seaborga, zdobywcy Nagrody Nobla, który brał udział w odkryciu kilku ciężkich pierwiastków.

Każde pole układu okresowego zawiera co najmniej liczbę atomową – która jest również liczbą protonów – oraz symbol chemiczny.

W przypadku izotopu podaje się liczbę masową lub sumę protonów i neutronów wraz z symbolem i liczbą atomową. Liczba masowa określa konkretny izotop pierwiastka. Są to na przykład dwa izotopy azotu:

<img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;">

 Symbol określonego izotopu dowolnego pierwiastka zapisuje się poprzez umieszczenie liczby masowej jako indeksu górnego po lewej stronie symbolu pierwiastka. Ponieważ liczba atomowa określa tożsamość pierwiastka, podobnie jak jego symbol, często jest pomijana. Na przykład magnez występuje w postaci mieszaniny trzech izotopów, każdy o liczbie atomowej 12 i liczbie masowej odpowiednio 24, 25 i 26. Izotopy te można zidentyfikować jako 24Mg, 25Mg i 26Mg. Symbole izotopów odczytuje się jako „pierwiastek i jego liczba masowa” i można je zapisywać w tej formie. Na przykład 24Mg odczytuje się jako „magnez 24” i można go zapisać jako „magnez-24” lub „Mg-24”. 25Mg odczytuje się jako „magnez 25” i można go zapisać jako „magnez-25” lub „Mg-25”. Wszystkie atomy magnezu mają w jądrze 12 protonów. Różnią się tylko tym, że atom o 24Mg ma w jądrze 12 neutronów, atom 25Mg ma 13 neutronów, a atom 26Mg ma 14 neutronów.

Należy zauważyć, że oprócz standardowych nazw i symboli, do izotopów wodoru często używa się nazw zwyczajowych i towarzyszących im symboli. Wodór-2, oznaczony symbolem 2H, nazywany jest także deuterem, a czasami jest oznaczony symbolem D. Wodór-3, oznaczony symbolem 3H, jest również nazywany trytem, a czasami jest oznaczony symbolem T.

Elementy: symbole chemiczne i izotopy

Symbol chemiczny to skrót używany do wskazania pierwiastka lub atomu pierwiastka. Na przykład symbolem rtęci jest Hg. Ten sam symbol to ...

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

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	...

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PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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