Name: advanced functional groups in organic chemistry
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T18:28:33.000Z
Duration: 2 min 22 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

9-12

Chemistry

3.2.2 9C.3.2.1.1

Overview of Advanced Functional Groups

Grupy funkcyjne to atomy lub grupy atomów w związku organicznym, które nadają charakterystyczne właściwości chemiczne. 
Jedną z ważnych grup funkcyjnych w chemii organicznej jest karbonylowa grupa funkcyjna, złożona z atomu węgla podwójnie związanego z tlenem.
Dwa blisko spokrewnione związki organiczne na bazie karbonylu to aldehydy i ketony. W aldehydach węgiel karbonylowy jest związany z grupą alkilową i atomem wodoru. Wyjątkiem jest formaldehyd, w którym węgiel karbonylowy jest związany z dwoma wodorami.
Tymczasem w ketonach atom węgla karbonylowego jest połączony z dwoma innymi atomami węgla w szkielecie węglowodorowym.
Grupa karbonylowa wchodzi w skład wielu większych grup funkcyjnych, takich jak grupa karboksylowa kwasów karboksylowych, która składa się z grupy hydroksylowej związanej z węglem karbonylowym.
Funkcjonalne pochodne kwasów karboksylowych obejmują estry, w których wodór grupy karboksylowej jest zastąpiony grupą alkilową; amidy, w których OH grupy karboksylowej jest zastąpiony aminą; oraz chlorki acylowe, w których OH jest zastąpiony chlorkiem.
Wiązania wielokrotne są cechą innych grup funkcyjnych, takich jak nitrylowa lub cyjanowa grupa funkcyjna, z atomem węgla potrójnie związanym z azotem.
Benzen to węglowodór aromatyczny, który często jest reprezentowany jako sześć atomów węgla w pierścieniu z naprzemiennymi wiązaniami pojedynczymi i podwójnymi. Benzen minus jeden wodór służy jako fenyl - grupa funkcyjna. Grupa hydroksylowa przyłączona do pierścienia aromatycznego na bazie fenylu tworzy fenol.
Amina to niezawierająca węgla grupa funkcyjna zdefiniowana przez elektroujemny atom azotu z samotną parą elektronów pojedynczo połączonych w układzie węglowodorowym. Są klasyfikowane jako pierwszorzędowe, drugorzędowe i trzeciorzędowe, w zależności od liczby atomów węgla związanych z azotem.
Podobnie fosforanowa grupa funkcyjna ma atom fosforu kowalencyjnie związany z czterema atomami tlenu. Do atomów tlenu pojedynczo związanych z fosforem można przyłączyć do trzech łańcuchów węglowodorowych w celu uzyskania fosforoorganicznych.

przegląd zaawansowanych grup funkcjonalnych

Grupy funkcyjne to grupy atomów o określonych właściwościach chemicznych, które występują w cząsteczkach organicznych i są czasami oznaczone jako „R”. Grupy funkcyjne mogą „funkcjonalizować” związek, umożliwiając mu przyjęcie różnych właściwości fizycznych i chemicznych.

Rodzaje zaawansowanych grup funkcjonalnych

Poniższa tabela podsumowuje niektóre z głównych grup funkcyjnych w chemii organicznej.


<table style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;">
<tbody style="border: 1px solid black;">
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Klasa związków organicznych</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Struktury szkieletowe związków z grupami funkcjonalnymi na czerwono</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nazwy związków</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Węglowodór aromatyczny</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure1" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_1.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Benzen</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Fenol</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure2" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_2.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Fenol (hydroksybenzen)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aldehyd</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure3" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_3.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Etanal (aldehyd octowy)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Keton</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure4" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_4.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Aceton</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Kwas lub chlorek acylu</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure5" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_5.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 70px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Chlorek acetylu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Kwas karboksylowy</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure6" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_6.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Kwas etanowy (kwas octowy)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Ester</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure7" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_7.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Octan etylu</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Amina</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure8" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_8.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Etyloamina</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Amid</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure9" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_9.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Acetamid</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Nitryl</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure10" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_10.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 60px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Fosforan</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Phosphate</td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;"><img alt="Figure11" src="/files/ftp_upload/11717/11717_Figure_11.svg" style="text-align: center; height: 75px;"></td>
<td style="color: black; border: 1px solid black; text-align: center;">Diwodorofosforan metylu</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>


Ten tekst jest adaptacją<a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-3-aldehydes-ketones-carboxylic-acids-and-esters"> Openstax, Chemistry 2e, Section 20.2: Alcohols and Ethers</a> and <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/20-4-amines-and-amides">Section 20.3: Aldehydes, Ketones, Carboxylic Acids, and Esters.</a>

Przegląd zaawansowanych grup funkcjonalnych


Grupy funkcyjne to grupy atomów o określonych właściwościach chemicznych, które występują w cząsteczkach organicznych i są czasami oznaczane jako "R". ...

Education

JoVE Core

Organic Chemistry

Chemia organiczna

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Covalent Bonding and Structure

Wiązania kowalencyjne i struktura

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

advanced functional groups in organic chemistry

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as &quot;R&quot; in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions.

This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called hydroxybenzene. The set also includes aldehydes such as ethanal, or acetaldehyde, and ketones such as acetone.

Other important examples are acid or acyl chlorides, carboxylic acids, esters, amines, amides, nitriles, and phosphates. Acetyl chloride is an acid or acyl chloride. Ethanoic acid, also called acetic acid, is a carboxylic acid, and ethyl acetate is an ester. Ethylamine is an amine, acetamide is an amide, acetonitrile is a nitrile, and methyl dihydrogen phosphate is a phosphate.

These examples show how the same carbon framework can belong to different compound classes depending on the functional group present. The structures in the table highlight the functional group in red so it is easy to identify the key part of each molecule. This content is adapted from OpenStax Chemistry 2e, including sections on alcohols and ethers, aldehydes and ketones, and carboxylic acids and esters.

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overview of advanced functional groups

Advanced functional groups are atom clusters in organic molecules that give those molecules specific chemical properties. They are sometimes shown as "R" in formulas. By changing the atoms attached to a carbon skeleton, a functional group can make a compound behave differently in physical and chemical reactions. This topic covers several major classes of organic compounds with advanced functional groups. Aromatic hydrocarbons include benzene. Phenol is another example and is also called...

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organic chemistry

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Advanced Functional Groups in Organic Chemistry

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