Name: nitrogen cycle in soil and plants
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:06:17.000Z
Duration: 1 min 20 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

HS-LS1-6.

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

Azot atmosferyczny jest największym źródłem azotu. Jednak większość organizmów żywych nie może bezpośrednio pobierać azotu atmosferycznego ze względu na silne potrójne wiązanie między atomami azotu, co czyni go stosunkowo niereaktywnym.
Dlatego bakterie wiążące azot obecne w glebie przekształcają azot atmosferyczny w amoniak, który jest biologicznie użyteczną formą.
Amoniak może być pobierany przez komórki roślinne, gdzie łączy się z glutaminianem w celu wytworzenia glutaminy, która jest dalej przekształcana w inne aminokwasy i nukleotydy.
Później zwierzęta spożywają te rośliny i wykorzystują aminokwasy do syntezy własnych białek i nukleotydów.
Ponieważ zwierzęta nie mogą przechowywać dużych pul aminokwasów, spożyte aminokwasy są regularnie rozkładane w cyklu mocznikowym na mocznik.
Mocznik jest następnie wydalany z moczem, który ostatecznie wraca do gleby.
Później bakterie glebowe o działaniu ureazy rozkładają wydalony mocznik do amoniaku. Wreszcie bakterie nitryfikacyjne i denitryfikacyjne przekształcają amoniak w gazowy azot, zwracając go do atmosfery.

przegląd metabolizmu azotu

Azot jest pierwiastkiem bardzo ważnym dla życia, ponieważ jest głównym składnikiem białek i kwasów nukleinowych. Jest makroelementem, który w naturze jest przetwarzany ze związków organicznych i magazynowany w postaci amoniaku, jonów amonowych, azotanów, azotynów lub azotu gazowego w wyniku wielu procesów metabolicznych. Wiele z tych procesów metabolicznych jest przeprowadzanych wyłącznie przez prokarioty. Największą pulą azotu dostępną w ekosystemie lądowym jest azot gazowy (N2) z powietrza, jednak azot ten nie jest wykorzystywany przez rośliny, które są głównymi producentami ekosystemu. Gazowy azot jest przekształcany, czyli „wiązany” w łatwiej dostępne formy, takie jak amoniak (NH3), w procesie wiązania azotu. Bakterie wiążące azot obejmują Azotobacter w glebie i wszechobecne fotosyntetyczne cyjanobakterie. Niektóre bakterie wiążące azot, takie jak Rhizobium, żyją w symbiozie w korzeniach roślin strączkowych. Innym źródłem amoniaku jest amonifikacja – proces uwalniania amoniaku podczas rozkładu związków organicznych zawierających azot. Jon amonowy jest stopniowo utleniany przez różne gatunki bakterii w procesie zwanym nitryfikacją. Proces nitryfikacji rozpoczyna się od konwersji amonu do azotynu (NO2-) i trwa dalej poprzez konwersję azotynu do azotanu. Nitryfikację w glebie przeprowadzają bakterie z rodzajów Nitrosomas, Nitrobacter i Nitrospira. Większość azotu w glebie występuje w postaci amonu (NH4+) lub azotanu (NO3-). Amoniak i azotany mogą być wykorzystywane przez rośliny lub przekształcane w inne formy. Wewnątrz komórek roślinnych amoniak łączy się z glutaminianem, tworząc glutaminę. Następnie glutamina jest dalej przekształcana w inne aminokwasy i nukleotydy. Później zwierzęta zjadają te rośliny i wykorzystują aminokwasy do syntezy własnych białek i nukleotydów. Ponieważ zwierzęta nie są w stanie magazynować dużej puli aminokwasów, przyjmowane aminokwasy są regularnie rozkładane wewnątrz komórek. Jednak wolny amoniak uwalniany podczas katabolizmu aminokwasów jest wysoce toksyczny dla komórek. Zatem nadmiar amoniaku przekształca się w nietoksyczną formę – mocznik – za pomocą szeregu reakcji zwanych cyklem mocznikowym. Mocznik jest następnie wydalany z organizmu wraz z moczem i ostatecznie wraca do gleby. Później bakterie glebowe wykorzystują enzym ureazę do rozkładu wydalonego mocznika na amoniak, który może zostać ponownie wchłonięty przez rośliny. W rzeczywistości, gdy rośliny i zwierzęta umierają, zawarte w nich białka również są rozkładane przez drobnoustroje w celu wytworzenia aminokwasów. Mikroorganizmy nitryfikacyjne obecne w glebie przekształcają te aminokwasy w azotyny, a następnie w azotany. Wreszcie bakterie denitryfikacyjne, niektóre archeony i niektóre klasy grzybów przekształcają te azotany z powrotem w gazowy azot, oddając w ten sposób azot do atmosfery. Ten tekst jest adaptacją z <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/22-5-beneficial-prokaryotes">Openstax, Biologia 2e, Sekcja 22.5: </a><a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/22-5-beneficial-prokaryotes">Pozytywne prokarioty</a>

Przegląd metabolizmu azotu

Azot jest bardzo ważnym pierwiastkiem dla życia, ponieważ jest głównym składnikiem białek i kwasów nukleinowych. Jest to makroskładnik, aw naturze jest ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia komórki

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Introduction to Metabolism

Wprowadzenie do metabolizmu

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

nitrogen cycle in soil and plants

Nitrogen moves through soil, plants, animals, and microbes in a cycle that keeps this macronutrient available for life. It is a major part of proteins and nucleic acids, so cells need it to build both amino acids and nucleotides.

In nature, nitrogen is recycled from organic compounds and stored in several forms, including ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen gas. Many of the key steps in this cycle are carried out only by prokaryotes. The largest nitrogen pool in terrestrial ecosystems is gaseous nitrogen from the air, but plants cannot use it directly.

Atmospheric nitrogen must first be fixed into a usable form, such as ammonia, through nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen-fixing bacteria include Azotobacter in soil and photosynthetic cyanobacteria. Some nitrogen-fixing bacteria, such as Rhizobium, live in the roots of legumes in a symbiotic relationship. Ammonia can also form through ammonification, which releases ammonia during the breakdown of nitrogen-containing organic compounds.

After that, ammonium is oxidized step by step in nitrification. The process starts when ammonium becomes nitrite and then continues when nitrite becomes nitrate. In soils, this work is done by bacteria in the genera Nitrosomas, Nitrobacter, and Nitrospira. Most nitrogen in soil is found as ammonium or nitrate, and plants can use these forms or convert them into others.

Inside plant cells, ammonia combines with glutamate to form glutamine. Glutamine is then converted into other amino acids and nucleotides. Animals eat these plants and use the amino acids to make their own proteins and nucleotides. Because animals cannot store a large pool of amino acids, they break them down regularly, and the ammonia released is highly toxic to cells.

To handle this toxicity, animals convert excess ammonia into urea through the urea cycle. Urea is non-toxic and leaves the body in urine. It then returns to the soil, where bacteria with urease break it down into ammonia again. When plants and animals die, microbes also degrade their proteins into amino acids, which are then converted by nitrifying microbes into nitrite and nitrate. Finally, denitrifying bacteria, certain archaea, and some fungi convert nitrate back to gaseous nitrogen, returning it to the atmosphere.

Nitrogen Cycle in Soil and Plants

overview of metabolism

Metabolism in Plants, Animals, and Microbes

Metabolism is the set of chemical reactions that keep living cells working. These reactions are linked through many pathways. Together, they support the normal function of cells in plants, animals, and microbes. In plants, sunlight is the main energy source. Chlorophyll pigments in the leaves absorb this light. The plant then uses that energy for photosynthesis. During photosynthesis, water is oxidized to oxygen and carbon dioxide is reduced to glucose. Glucose then serves as a starting...

carbohydrate metabolism

Carbohydrates, Digestion, and Blood Sugar

Carbohydrates are an important source of energy and a key part of human nutrition. They are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate provides four kilo-calories of energy, so carbohydrates are the body’s most efficient instant fuel. Starch makes up about 60% of the carbohydrates people eat. It is broken down by amylase enzymes, but amylase cannot work in the stomach’s acidic environment. That is why starch digestion happens in the mouth and the small intestine. Simple...

glycolysis: preparatory phase

Glycolysis: Energy Investment Steps

Glycolysis begins with energy investment steps in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. It is the first step in cellular metabolism, which is the complete breakdown of glucose to extract energy. In heterotrophic cells, glucose enters by secondary active transport or through GLUT proteins, which are glucose transporter proteins that help glucose diffuse into the cell. The pathway starts with one six-carbon, ring-shaped glucose molecule and ends with two three-carbon molecules...

glycolysis: pay-off phase

Glycolysis: ATP and NADH Output

The pay-off phase of glycolysis turns the two three-carbon sugar molecules into ATP, NADH, and pyruvate. By this stage, the cell has already spent two ATP molecules. The remaining reactions recover that investment and add two more ATP molecules and two high-energy NADH molecules. The sixth step oxidizes glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, a three-carbon sugar made earlier in glycolysis. High-energy electrons are transferred to NAD+, which becomes NADH. A second phosphate group is then added to form...

fates of pyruvate

Pyruvate Pathways in Fermentation

Pyruvate is a key product of glycolysis and can follow different pathways depending on oxygen availability. During glycolysis, glucose is oxidized to pyruvate, NAD+ is reduced to NADH, and two ATP are made by substrate-level phosphorylation. In aerobic organisms, pyruvate then enters the citric acid cycle, which helps produce the reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2. These coenzymes are later oxidized in the electron transport chain to make ATP and regenerate NAD+ and FAD. When oxygen is absent,...

role of reduced coenzymes nadh and fadh&#8322;

Electron Carriers in Cellular Energy

Electron carriers help store and move energy during nutrient breakdown. Cells can save released energy by reducing these carriers or by making ATP, the cell’s main energy molecule. These mobile electron carriers bind high-energy electrons and shuttle them between compounds in metabolic pathways. The main carriers discussed here come from the B vitamin group and are nucleotide derivatives. They include nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and flavin...

overview of nitrogen metabolism

Nitrogen moves through soil, plants, animals, and microbes in a cycle that keeps this macronutrient available for life. It is a major part of proteins and nucleic acids, so cells need it to build both amino acids and nucleotides. In nature, nitrogen is recycled from organic compounds and stored in several forms, including ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, and nitrogen gas. Many of the key steps in this cycle are carried out only by prokaryotes. The largest nitrogen pool in terrestrial...

overview of fatty acid metabolism

Fatty Acids: Energy, Membranes, and Cholesterol

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sugars as energy storage molecules

Glucose Storage in Plants and Animals

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fats as energy storage molecules

How Triglycerides Fuel ATP Production

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regulation of metabolism

How Cells Control Metabolic Enzymes

Cells control metabolic enzymes to match changing needs and conditions. Different cells use different enzymes and energy levels, and those needs can also change within the same cell over time. Stomach cells, fat storage cells, skin cells, blood cells, and nerve cells do not all need the same metabolic activity. A digestive cell also works harder soon after a meal than it does many hours later. As cell needs change, the amount and activity of enzymes change too. Enzymes lower activation energy,...

positive and negative feedback loops

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Homeostasis keeps body conditions in a steady range through feedback control. Animal organs and organ systems constantly adjust to internal and external changes. This balance is called a dynamic equilibrium because the body keeps adapting while still staying within specific ranges. The goal of homeostasis is to stay near a set point, which is the value the body tries to maintain. A change in the internal or external environment is a stimulus. A receptor detects that change and sends a signal...

key terms and concepts

Trace how nitrogen is fixed, turned into ammonium and nitrate, used by plants and animals, and returned to the air by microbes in the soil.

Nitrogen Cycle in Soil and Plants | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core Cell Biology illustrates complex cellular processes in easy-to-understand yet comprehensive animated video lessons. This collection focuses on the essential components and functions of cells, including organelles and membranes, cellular transport, and cell energetics. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of cell biology in real-world research experiments.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Botany

SBO1.

coevolution-plant-morphological-anatomical-structures-with-animals-ie

Coevolution of plant morphological and anatomical structures with animals (i.e., pollination), Rhizobium (i.e., nitrogen fixation), and Mycorrhiza (i.e., fungi in rhizosphere).

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HS-LS1-5.

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Construct and revise an explanation based on evidence for how carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen from sugar molecules may combine with other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus to form amino acids and other carbon-based molecules.

Nitrogen Cycle in Soil and Plants

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