Name: cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:29:33.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

Cytoplasm

W komórkach eukariotycznych cytoplazma to obszar między błoną plazmatyczną a otoczką jądrową.
Ponieważ komórki prokariotyczne nie mają jądra, cytoplazma odnosi się do wszystkiego, co jest zamknięte w błonie plazmatycznej.
W obu typach komórek przestrzeń cytoplazmatyczna jest wypełniona żelową matrycą zwaną cytozolem.
Cytozol jest roztworem wodnym, który zawiera wiele rozpuszczalnych jonów, małych cząsteczek i makrocząsteczek.
Cytoplazma komórek eukariotycznych zawiera również liczne organelle związane z błoną, które pełnią wyspecjalizowane funkcje komórkowe, takie jak mitochondria, retikulum endoplazmatyczne i aparat Golgiego.
Szkielet włókien białkowych obecnych w cytoplazmie – cytoszkielet, nadaje komórce kształt i strukturę. Pomaga również w transporcie wewnątrzkomórkowym i ruchliwości komórek.
Ponadto w cytoplazmie zachodzi również wiele funkcji komórkowych niezwiązanych z organellami, takich jak synteza białek. Wodny charakter cytoplazmy ułatwia fałdowanie białek poprzez odpychanie hydrofobowych grup bocznych aminokwasów do rdzenia białka.
Niektóre komórki przechowują również nierozpuszczalne produkty przemiany materii, takie jak glikogen, w swojej cytoplazmie w postaci inkluzji.

cytoplazma

Cytoplazma składa się z organelli i szkieletu rusztowań białkowych zwanych cytoszkieletem zawieszonych w roztworze wodnym, cytozolu. Cytozol to bogaty bulion składający się z wody, jonów, soli i różnych cząsteczek organicznych. Zwijanie i nieprawidłowe fałdowanie białek Cytoplazma jest miejscem wielu procesów komórkowych, w tym syntezy i fałdowania białek. Wodny charakter cytozolu sprzyja fałdowaniu białek w taki sposób, że hydrofobowe łańcuchy boczne aminokwasów są zakopane w rdzeniu białka, podczas gdy aminokwasy hydrofilowe są skierowane w stronę cytozolu. Jednakże stresy komórkowe, takie jak starzenie się i zmiany pH, temperatury lub osmolarności, mogą powodować nieprawidłowe fałdowanie białek. Nieprawidłowo sfałdowane białka mogą gromadzić się w cytoplazmie, tworząc nierozpuszczalne agregaty białkowe. Takie agregaty są powiązane z chorobami neurodegeneracyjnymi, takimi jak choroba Alzheimera i Parkinsona. Skład i funkcja cytoszkieletu Cytoszkielet eukariotyczny składa się z trzech rodzajów białek nitkowatych - mikrotubul, mikrofilamentów i filamentów pośrednich. Mikrotubule, największy rodzaj włókien, zbudowane są z białka tubuliny. Są to dynamiczne struktury, które mogą rosnąć lub kurczyć się poprzez dodawanie lub usuwanie cząsteczek tubuliny z końców swoich pasm. Zapewniają komórce stabilność strukturalną i działają jako ścieżki transportu białek, pęcherzyków i niektórych organelli wewnątrz komórki. Ponadto mikrotubule odgrywają kluczową rolę w podziale komórek, zapewniając szkielet, który prowadzi chromosomy do przeciwległych końców komórki. Mikrofilamenty, czyli filamenty aktynowe, są mniejszymi filamentami cytoszkieletu zbudowanymi z białka zwanego aktyną. Białka aktyny mogą szybko się składać i rozkładać, tworząc filamenty. Dlatego umożliwiają ruchliwość organizmów jednokomórkowych, takich jak ameba, lub migrację białych krwinek do miejsc zakażenia. W komórkach mięśni szkieletowych filamenty aktynowe przesuwają się wzdłuż filamentów miozyny, pośrednicząc w skurczu mięśni. Filamenty pośrednie nie są tak dynamiczne jak mikrotubule czy filamenty aktynowe. Jednakże, podobnie jak pozostałe dwa rodzaje filamentów, zapewniają one również wsparcie strukturalne komórce. Filamenty pośrednie składają się z różnych typów białek w zależności od konkretnego typu komórki. Na przykład filamenty pośrednie we włosach i paznokciach zawierają keratynę, podczas gdy w komórkach mięśniowych filamenty te są zbudowane z desmin.

Cytoplazma

Cytoplazma składa się z organelli i szkieletu rusztowań białkowych zwanych cytoszkieletem zawieszonych w roztworze wodnym, cytozolu. Ten...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia komórki

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Komórki, genomy i ewolucja

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities.

The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while hydrophilic amino acids face the cytosol.

Cell stress can disrupt this process. Changes in pH, temperature, osmolarity, or aging can cause proteins to misfold. These misfolded proteins may collect in the cytoplasm and form insoluble aggregates. Such aggregates are linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

The cytoskeleton is the protein framework inside the cytoplasm. It includes three filament types: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the largest and are built from tubulin. They can grow or shrink by adding or removing tubulin at their ends. They help give the cell structural stability and serve as tracks for moving proteins, vesicles, and some organelles. They also help guide chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.

Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are smaller and are made of actin. They can assemble and disassemble quickly. This rapid change helps amoeba move and helps white blood cells migrate to infection sites. In skeletal muscle cells, actin filaments slide along myosin filaments to drive muscle contraction.

Intermediate filaments are less dynamic than microtubules or actin filaments, but they still provide support. They are made of different proteins depending on the cell type. In hair and nails, intermediate filaments contain keratin. In muscle cells, they are made of desmins.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

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cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities. The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while...

the nucleus

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the dna helix

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key terms and concepts

Learn how the cytoplasm, cytosol, and cytoskeleton support cell structure, protein folding, transport, cell division, movement, and muscle contraction.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support | JoVE K12

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Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

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Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

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