Name: translation: mrna to protein
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Georgia Standards of Excellence

9-12

Biology

SB2.a

Translation

Translacja to proces syntezy białka z matrycy informacyjnego RNA.
Proces ten rozpoczyna się, gdy mała podjednostka rybosomu, w kompleksie z tRNA metioniny i czynnikami inicjującymi, wiąże się z pięcioma pierwszymi końcami mRNA. Kompleks skanuje mRNA w kierunku od pięciu pierwszych do trzech, aż napotka kodon AUG, który służy jako miejsce inicjacji translacji.
Następnie tRNA metioniny łączy się z kodonem AUG i rekrutuje dużą podjednostkę rybosomu. Synteza nowego białka rozpoczyna się, gdy tRNA przenoszące jego aminokwas wiąże się z następnym kodonem mRNA poprzez swój antykodon.
To działanie umieszcza nowy aminokwas w pobliżu wcześniej włączonego aminokwasu, a między dwoma aminokwasami tworzy się wiązanie peptydowe.
Translacja jest kontynuowana, gdy rybosom przesuwa się do następnego kodonu w sekwencji. Ten ruch naprzód nazywa się translokacją i będzie trwał, dopóki rybosom nie napotka kodonu stop.
Kodony stop są wyjątkowe, ponieważ nie zawierają tRNA. Zamiast tego białka zwane czynnikami uwalniania wiążą się z kodonem stop, indukując rybosom do uwolnienia nowo zsyntetyzowanego białka i powodując dysocjację rybosomu.

tłumaczenie

Translacja to proces syntezy białek na podstawie informacji genetycznej zawartej w informacyjnym RNA (mRNA). Po transkrypcji stanowi ostatni etap ekspresji genów. Proces ten przeprowadzają rybosomy, kompleksy białek i wyspecjalizowane cząsteczki RNA. Rybosomy, transferowy RNA (tRNA) i inne białka wytwarzają łańcuch aminokwasów – polipeptyd – jako końcowy produkt translacji. 

 <h4>Translacja tworzy elementy budulcowe życia</h4> 

 Białka nazywane są cegiełkami życia, ponieważ stanowią zdecydowaną większość wszystkich organizmów – od włókien mięśniowych, przez włosy na głowie, po elementy układu odpornościowego – a plan każdego z tych białek jest kodowany przez geny znajdujące się w DNA każdej komórki. Główny dogmat biologii głosi, że informacja genetyczna przekształcana jest w funkcjonalne białka w procesach transkrypcji i translacji. 

 <h4>Translacja zachodzi poza jądrem</h4> 

 Eukarionty mają jądro związane z błoną, w którym mRNA jest transkrybowane z DNA. Po transkrypcji mRNA jest transportowany z jądra w celu translacji na łańcuch aminokwasów – polipeptyd – i ostatecznie na funkcjonalne białko. Może to mieć miejsce w cytoplazmie lub w szorstkiej siateczce śródplazmatycznej, gdzie polipeptydy ulegają dalszej modyfikacji. W przeciwieństwie do tego prokarioty nie mają przedziału jądrowego, więc translacja u prokariotów zachodzi w cytoplazmie, podczas gdy mRNA jest nadal transkrybowany. 

 <h4>Sekwencja kodonów w mRNA określa sekwencję polipeptydu</h4> 

 Każdy kodon w mRNA odpowiada jednemu z 20 aminokwasów, które komórka przechowuje, a także kodonom stop, które nie kodują aminokwasów. Inna cząsteczka RNA, transfer RNA (tRNA), jest odpowiedzialna za dostarczenie rybosomom podczas translacji prawidłowego aminokwasu w oparciu o sekwencję kodonów. Na jednym końcu cząsteczki tRNA enzymy zwane syntetazami aminoacylo-tRNA kowalencyjnie przyłączają konkretny aminokwas do miejsca przyłączenia, podczas gdy sekwencja antykodonu zlokalizowana na drugim końcu tRNA zapewnia dostarczenie do rybosomu prawidłowego aminokwasu. Niektóre cząsteczki tRNA są w stanie wiązać się z więcej niż jedną sekwencją kodonów, co pozwala na wszechstronność kodowania znaną jako efekt wahnięcia. Wynika to z faktu, że cząsteczki tRNA mają mniejszą specyficzność wiązania z trzecim nukleotydem w sekwencji kodonów mRNA w porównaniu z dwoma pierwszymi nukleotydami. 

 <h4>Niektóre choroby dziedziczne wynikają z wad translacji</h4> 

 Translacja to złożony proces zależny od szerokiej gamy składników komórkowych. Mutacje wpływające na dowolną część tego różnorodnego zestawu narzędzi mogą powodować choroby. Na przykład hiperferrytynemia związana z chorobą magazynowania żelaza, znaną również jako zespół zaćmy, wynika z mutacji w nieulegającym translacji regionie 5' mRNA, regionie ważnym dla rekrutacji białek inicjujących translację. Mutacje te powodują nienormalnie wysokie tempo translacji ferrytyny białka żelaza, powodując jej gromadzenie się we krwi i tkankach dotkniętych pacjentów. W rezultacie soczewki oczu stają się mętne. Inne choroby są powiązane z mutacjami w genach kodujących tRNA i podjednostki rybosomów. Na przykład choroba szpiku kostnego, niedokrwistość Diamonda-Blackfana, wynika z mutacji w genie RPS19, składniku małej podjednostki rybosomu.

Tłumaczenie

Translacja to proces syntezy białek z informacji genetycznej przenoszonej przez informacyjny RNA (mRNA). Po transkrypcji stanowi ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia i fizjologia

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

Essential Cellular Processes

Podstawowe procesy komórkowe

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

translation: mrna to protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids.

This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which is the start of a protein.

Translation is a key part of how cells use genetic information. It connects the message in mRNA to the final protein product. Understanding translation helps explain how genes lead to the molecules that cells need to function.

Translation: mRNA to Protein

the central dogma

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translation

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

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key terms and concepts

Learn how translation uses mRNA, ribosomes, and tRNA to build a polypeptide chain from amino acids and turn genetic information into protein.

Translation: mRNA to Protein | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

JoVE Core Anatomy and Physiology showcases the anatomical and physiological details of the human body in comprehensive, clear, and engaging video animations. This collection of lessons focuses on the structures, components, functions, and requirements of the human body. It is complemented by scientist-in-action videos that demonstrate the application of this knowledge in real-world medical and research settings.

The Central Dogma

Replication in Eukaryotes

Types of RNA

Transcription

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

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SB2.c

Obtain, evaluate, and communicate information to analyze how genetic information is expressed in cells

Translation: mRNA to Protein

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