Name: newton’s law behind planet motion
Uploaded: 2023-05-16T08:18:41.000Z
Duration: 1 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Physics

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion and Stability- Forces and Interactions

PS.Phy.2.4

Gravitation

Obrót Księżyca wokół Ziemi wskazuje na obecność siły, która przyciąga go w kierunku środka orbity.
Issac Newton zasugerował, że ta siła przyciągania jest taka sama, jak ta, która przyciąga jabłko do ziemi.
Był to rewolucyjny pomysł, ponieważ wierzono, że ciała niebieskie i obiekty na Ziemi rządzą się różnymi prawami.
Księżyc potrzebuje 27,3 dnia, aby okrążyć Ziemię. Biorąc pod uwagę średnią odległość do Księżyca, można oszacować jego przyspieszenie. 
Stosunek przyspieszenia Księżyca do przyspieszenia obiektu spadającego na Ziemię wskazuje, że przyspieszenie jest odwrotnie proporcjonalne do kwadratu odległości.
Ponieważ siła to masa pomnożona przez przyspieszenie, siła grawitacji jest wprost proporcjonalna do masy i odwrotnie proporcjonalna do kwadratu odległości.
Obserwując, że przyspieszenie planet maleje odwrotnie proporcjonalnie do ich odległości od Słońca, Newton przewidział, że siła grawitacyjna działa między Słońcem, planetami i ich księżycami.
Rozszerzając ten argument na wszystkie obiekty we wszechświecie, Newton sformułował prawo powszechnego ciążenia.

<ol>
	<li>Verma, H.C. (2008). Pojęcia fizyki. Tom 1, Bharati Bhawan Pub. & Dis.: sekcje 11.1 i 11.2; strony 203–204.</li>
</ol>

grawitacja

W latach przed Newtonem panowało powszechne przekonanie, że obiektami na niebie rządzą inne prawa niż obiektami na Ziemi. Kiedy Kepler spisał trzy prawa ruchu planet, szczegółowo wyjaśniając geometryczne właściwości orbit planet wokół Słońca, nie było od razu pomysłu, aby dostrzec ich powiązanie z bardziej podstawowymi prawami. To Izaak Newton w roku 1665–66 odkrył związek pomiędzy ruchem planet, ruchem Księżyca wokół Ziemi i codziennym zjawiskiem spadania obiektów na powierzchnię Ziemi. To uniwersalne zjawisko jest dziś znane jako grawitacja.

Chociaż dziś brzmi to powszechnie, stwierdzenie, że to samo zjawisko rządzi ruchem obiektów na Ziemi i ruchem Księżyca wokół Ziemi, było rewolucyjne w czasach Newtona. Odkrył, że przyspieszenie dośrodkowego księżyca wokół Ziemi i przyspieszenie grawitacyjne mają stosunek odwrotnie proporcjonalny do kwadratu odległości odpowiedniego obiektu od Ziemi. Ponieważ przyspieszenie jest niezależne od masy, zgodnie z jego prawami ruchu, siła musi być proporcjonalna do masy. To spostrzeżenie doprowadziło go do sformułowania prawa grawitacji nazwanego jego imieniem.

Kolejną informacją wymaganą do uzupełnienia prawa ciążenia Newtona była stała grawitacji, która została wyznaczona eksperymentalnie. Pierwszy udany eksperyment dotyczący pomiaru stałej przeprowadził Henry Cavendish. Znając wartość tej stałej i prawa ruchu Newtona, można było wyprowadzić prawa ruchu planet Keplera.

Grawitacja

W latach przed Newtonem panowało powszechne przekonanie, że inne prawa rządzą obiektami na niebie niż obiektami na Ziemi. Kiedy Kepler zapisał ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14716.jpg

Education

JoVE Core

Fizyka

Unit 1

Jednostka 1

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

Kluczowe terminy i pojęcia

newton’s law behind planet motion

Newton’s law of gravitation links falling objects, the Moon’s orbit, and planetary motion. Before Newton, many people thought the sky and Earth followed different laws. Kepler later described the three laws of planetary motion, but their connection to a deeper force was still unclear.

Isaac Newton made that connection in 1665 to 1666. He showed that the same phenomenon explains why objects fall to Earth and why the Moon moves around Earth. He also found that the Moon’s centripetal acceleration and the acceleration due to gravity follow an inverse-square relationship with distance from Earth.

Newton used this idea with his laws of motion to build the law of gravitation. Because acceleration does not depend on mass, the force must be proportional to mass. The law also needs the gravitational constant, which was measured experimentally.

Henry Cavendish carried out the first successful experiment to measure that constant. Once its value was known, Newton’s laws of motion could be combined with gravitation to derive Kepler’s laws of planetary motion. This made gravitation a key link between everyday motion and the motion of the planets.

Newton’s Law Behind Planet Motion

gravitation

Newton’s law of gravitation links falling objects, the Moon’s orbit, and planetary motion. Before Newton, many people thought the sky and Earth followed different laws. Kepler later described the three laws of planetary motion, but their connection to a deeper force was still unclear. Isaac Newton made that connection in 1665 to 1666. He showed that the same phenomenon explains why objects fall to Earth and why the Moon moves around Earth. He also found that the Moon’s centripetal acceleration...

newton's law of gravitation

Newton's Gravity and the Motion of Bodies

Newton's gravity links the fall of objects on Earth with the motion of the Moon and planets. People once thought the downward pull seen near Earth was unique to our planet. Later, Nicolaus Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory, which placed Earth and the other planets around the Sun, with the Moon orbiting Earth. Isaac Newton connected these motions in the 17th century. He reasoned that the same attraction that keeps the Moon on its path around Earth also makes an apple fall from a tree.

gravitation between spherically symmetric masses

gravitation-between-spherically-symmetric-masses

Gravitational Potential Inside a Shell

Gravitational potential energy for spherically symmetric bodies depends on their masses and the distance between them. The idea is to treat each body as if its mass were concentrated at its center of mass. This makes the calculation easier for high school physics. A spherically symmetric mass can be thought of as many concentric spherical shells. Now place a point mass at a distance r from the center of one shell. Every particle on a given spherical ring is the same distance from that point...

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gravity between spherical bodies

Point-Mass Approximation in Spherical Gravity

Newton’s law of gravitation gives the force between two point masses. For large spherical objects, such as the Earth, the Moon, and other planets, the same law can be used by treating each body as if its mass were concentrated at its center. This idea can be proven by comparing gravitational potential energy. The transcript shows that a hollow sphere of mass M and a point mass m give the same energy result as two extended solid spherical objects. To set up the proof, a tiny ring on the shell...

reduced mass coordinates: isolated two-body problem

reduced-mass-coordinates-isolated-two-body-problem

Center of Mass in the Two-Body Problem

Reduced mass coordinates help simplify the classical two-body problem. In classical mechanics, this problem describes the motion of two interacting bodies under gravity or another central force. The key idea is that the system can be treated like a single-body problem when reduced mass is used. For this description, one body is imagined to move with the reduced mass while the other body is fixed in place with infinite mass. The reduced mass is a property of the two-body system and is defined...

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acceleration due to gravity on earth

Gravity on Earth: Mass, Direction, and Value

Gravity near Earth gives objects a downward acceleration called acceleration due to gravity. It comes from Earth’s gravitational pull and points toward the center of the Earth. Newton’s law of gravitation shows that the gravitational force depends on mass, while Newton’s second law shows that the acceleration produced by a force depends on how that force acts on the object. Because of this relationship, the acceleration due to gravity is independent of an object’s mass. An object and the Earth...

acceleration due to gravity on other planets

acceleration-due-to-gravity-on-other-planets

Measuring Gravity on Distant Planets

Gravity near Earth’s surface is measured as acceleration due to gravity. On Earth, students can test it with simple experiments. On other planets, that kind of direct experiment is not possible. Instead, astronomers use observations to find a planet’s gravity. They study how the planet affects nearby objects, especially its satellite. The key idea is that the acceleration depends on the planet’s gravity, not on the object’s mass. To make the calculation, scientists track a satellite’s path...

apparent weight and the earth's rotation

Earth's Spin and Apparent Weight

Earth’s spin changes how weight is measured on the surface. Because the Earth turns once every 24 hours, objects on the surface move in a circle. That motion requires a net centripetal force, which points toward the center of the circle. The north and south poles are the only exception. At the equator, the force that provides this inward pull comes from Earth’s gravity. It is the difference between an object’s true weight and the normal force from the ground. The normal force is the support...

variation in acceleration due to gravity near the earth's surface

variation-in-acceleration-due-to-gravity-near-the-earth-s-surface

How Earth’s Shape Affects Apparent Weight

Apparent weight changes slightly on Earth because of rotation and the planet’s shape. Apparent weight is the weight measured by a spring balance at a location. It is different from true weight, which is the force Earth pulls on an object with. Earth’s rotation reduces apparent weight by adding a centripetal force. Centripetal force is the inward force that keeps an object moving in a circle. The apparent weight equals the true weight minus this force. The difference depends on the square of...

potential energy due to gravitation

Gravitational Binding and Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy describes how gravity stores energy between two masses. Because gravity is a conservative force, the work needed to move an object between two points depends on the starting and ending positions, not on the path taken. That is why a gravitational potential energy function can be written in terms of spatial coordinates. For a mass bound by gravity to another object, the potential energy is negative near the attracting body and rises toward zero as the distance...

the principle of superposition and the gravitational field

the-principle-of-superposition-and-the-gravitational-field

Adding Gravitational Forces with Superposition

Gravitational forces can be added using the principle of superposition. For objects that are sufficiently far apart, the net gravitational force on a point object is the vector sum of the forces from each mass. This means each force is found first, and then the forces are added as vectors. Superposition is useful because gravity from more than one object can combine in ways that are not always easy to see. One force may be increased or reduced by another force, or the final effect may be a...

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escape velocity

Launching a Satellite Beyond Gravity

Launching a satellite beyond gravity requires enough escape velocity to leave a planet or other body and never return. Escape velocity is the minimum initial speed needed to break free from the gravitational pull of an object that is holding the satellite in orbit or near its surface. For Earth, the idea is often shown with a satellite launched from the ground. The calculation assumes that no energy is lost to friction. In real life, Earth’s atmosphere also slows the satellite down, so the...

circular orbits and critical velocity for satellites

circular-orbits-and-critical-velocity-for-satellites

Orbital Speed and Period in Circular Paths

Orbital speed and period in circular paths explain how the Moon, planets, and satellites stay in motion around larger bodies. The Moon orbits Earth. Earth and the other planets orbit the Sun. The space above our atmosphere also contains many artificial satellites. A circular orbit is the simplest orbit to study. It helps show how an object’s speed and its period, or the time for one full orbit, depend on where it is and what it circles. Nicolaus Copernicus first suggested that Earth and the...

energy of a satellite in a circular orbit

energy-of-a-satellite-in-a-circular-orbit

Satellite Orbits and Energy in Space

Satellite orbits and energy in space depend on altitude, orbit shape, and gravity. Thousands of artificial satellites circle Earth every day at many different distances. Satellites below 1,600 km are in low-Earth orbit, or LEO. Research satellites and Earth observation satellites are usually placed in LEO. They mostly move in elliptical orbits, which are oval-shaped paths. Navigation satellites are placed in medium-Earth orbit, or MEO, which ranges from 2,000 km to 36,000 km above Earth’s...

kepler's first law of planetary motion

Planet Orbits as Ellipses

Planet orbits are not perfect circles. Johannes Kepler used planet data from Tycho Brahe to show that each planet follows an ellipse, with the Sun at one focus. This idea came from studying Mars, which did not fit the circular path expected in the Copernican heliocentric model. Copernicus had proposed that the solar system is heliocentric, meaning the Sun is at the center and the planets, including Earth, move around it. His model treated those paths as circles. Brahe later recorded the...

kepler's second law of planetary motion

Kepler's Equal-Area Planet Motion

Kepler's second law explains how a planet moves faster and slower in its orbit around the Sun. Johannes Kepler, a German astronomer and mathematician in the early 17th century, developed three laws for planetary motion. His first law says that planets travel in elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one focus of the ellipse. Because the planet-Sun distance changes during the orbit, the planet does not move at the same speed all the time. In an elliptical orbit, the total energy of the planet is...

kepler's third law of planetary motion

Kepler’s Planet Distance Law

Kepler’s third law links a planet’s average distance from the Sun to the time it takes to orbit the Sun. This rule gives a clear mathematical relationship between orbital distance and orbital period, which is the time for one full revolution. Johannes Kepler developed this law in the early 17th century after building on the observations of Nicolaus Copernicus and Tycho Brahe. Kepler first formed his first two laws from those earlier observations. He later published the third law of planetary...

tidal forces

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Earth’s ocean tides are driven by gravitational tidal forces. Scientists have studied the origin of tides for more than 2000 years, and Newton’s work marked the start of a proper understanding. These same tidal forces also act on other astronomical bodies. They can produce internal heat that leads to volcanic activity on Io, one of Jupiter’s moons, and they can tear apart stars that pass too close to black holes. Newton’s law of gravitation says that gravitational force is inversely...

schwarzschild radius and event horizon

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Escape velocity helps explain how black holes and event horizons form. It is the minimum speed a projectile needs to leave the surface of an object and eventually escape its gravitational field. In this context, escape velocity does not depend on the mass of the object being launched. The key idea is that no object with finite mass can move faster than the speed of light in a vacuum. When escape velocity is compared with that speed limit, the Schwarzschild radius becomes important. If an...

detection of black holes

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Black holes are found through indirect astronomical evidence. They were first proposed in the 1920s, but they stayed outside observational astronomy until the 1970s. Their closest known cousins are neutron stars, which are made mostly of packed neutrons and are extremely dense. A neutron star can have the mass of the Sun while its diameter is only a few kilometers. Because of that, the escape velocity from its surface is close to the speed of light. Interest in black holes rose again in the...

principle of equivalence

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Weightlessness and Einstein’s equivalence principle are closely connected in gravity. A person in free fall under gravity, such as someone diving toward Earth from an airplane, would feel completely weightless. A person descending in a lift may feel partially weightless. The principle of equivalence says that an object in a uniform gravitational field and an object accelerating at a constant rate with no gravity are under the same experimental conditions. In other words, no experiment can tell...

space-time curvature and the general theory of relativity

space-time-curvature-and-the-general-theory-of-relativity

Einstein’s Gravity and Mercury’s Orbit

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key terms and concepts

Learn how Newton connected falling objects, the Moon’s orbit, and planetary motion with gravitation, the inverse-square law, and Cavendish’s measurement.

Newton’s Law Behind Planet Motion | JoVE K12

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Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Physical Science

Forces and Interactions

3.2.9-12.L

3.2.9-12.M

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-4

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-5

HS-PS2-4

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Forces, Momentum And Motion

Gravitational force and fields

Energy

Gravitational potential energy

Tennessee Academic Standards

Motion and Stability: Forces and Interactions

PHYS.PS2.5

PHYS.PS2.9

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

ES.3

ES.3.b

PH.3

PH.3.b

PH.7

PH.7.a

PH.7.b

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

2.2.1 9P.1.2.1.2

Arizona Science Standards

Earth and Space Science

HS.E2

HS.E2U1.16

HS+E.E2

HS+E.E2U1.13

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New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

HS.P2

HS.P2U1.5

Alabama Course of Study Science

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

9-12.PS.2.3.a

9-12.P.1.2.d

9-12.P.1.5.b

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

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112.48.c.11.

112.48.c.11.D.

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SC.912.E.5

SC.912.E.5.6

SC.912.E.5.10

SC.912.E.5.11

SC.912.P.10

SC.912.P.10.10

SC.912.P.12

SC.912.P.12.4

PHYS.5

PHYS.5.F

PHYS.5.H

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

P-PS2-4

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS1-6.

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New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Forces and Interactions

HS-PS2-4.

Earth and Space Sciences

Space Systems

HS-ESS1-4.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SPS8.

Gravitational Force

SP2.

Common Forces

SP5.

Gravitational Forces

Position and Displacement

The position of an object defines its location relative to a convenient frame of reference at any particular time. A frame of reference is an arbitrary ...

Average Velocity

To calculate the other physical quantities in kinematics, we must introduce the time variable. The time variable allows us not only to state the position ...

Instantaneous Velocity - I

The average velocity during a time interval cannot tell us how fast or in what direction a particle is moving at any given time during the interval. To ...

Use models (graphs, equations, diagrams) to infer motion in one dimension.

PS.Phy.1.1

Analyze the motion of objects using time, distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration.

Newton’s Law Behind Planet Motion

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