Name: deep sea microbes and extreme conditions
Uploaded: 2026-03-12T13:57:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 18 s
Channel: JoVE

Głębokie morze, na głębokościach powyżej 1000 metrów, charakteryzuje się niskimi temperaturami 2–3 stopni Celsjusza, ogromnym ciśnieniem hydrostatycznym rosnącym o około 1 atmosferę co 10 metrów oraz niskim poziomem składników odżywczych.Drobnoustroje piezotolerancyjne to te, które tolerują warunki wysokiego ciśnienia i pozostają w nich żywotne, takie jak przedstawiciele rodzaju Colwellia.Z drugiej strony, prawdziwe piezofile, takie jak gatunki Moritella , najlepiej rosną i przetrwają pod wysokim ciśnieniem dzięki specyficznym mechanizmom komórkowym.Na przykład, aby utrzymać płynność błon i stabilność białek pod wysokim ciśnieniem, piezofile zwiększają udział nienasyconych kwasów tłuszczowych w swoich błonach. Niektóre gatunki wyrażają białka regulowane ciśnieniem, takie jak OmpH, poprzez systemy transkrypcji czułe na ciśnienie.Poniżej 2000 metrów osady zawierają reduktory siarczanów i organizmy utleniające metan, a także inne mikroorganizmy przystosowane do ekstremalnych ograniczeń energetycznych.Ta niedobór powoduje, że gęstość komórek jest znacznie niższa niż w płytszych rejonach.

deep sea microbial ecology

Deep Sea Microbial Ecology

G&#x142;&#x119;boki ocean i le&#x17C;&#x105;ce pod nim osady stanowi&#x105; rozleg&#x142;e, w du&#x17C;ej mierze niezbadane siedliska mikroorganizm&#xF3;w, si&#x119;gaj&#x105;ce daleko poza o&#x15B;wietlon&#x105; &#x15B;wiat&#x142;em s&#x142;onecznym stref&#x119; fotyczn&#x105;. Strefa fotyczna (eufotyczna) zazwyczaj obejmuje g&#xF3;rne ~100&#x2013;200 m w&#xF3;d pelagicznych otwartego oceanu, lecz jej g&#x142;&#x119;boko&#x15B;&#x107; zmienia si&#x119; geograficznie i sezonowo, w zale&#x17C;no&#x15B;ci od tego, gdzie ilo&#x15B;&#x107; &#x15B;wiat&#x142;a jest wystarczaj&#x105;ca do podtrzymania &#x17C;ycia fotosyntetycznego. Poni&#x17C;ej znajduje si&#x119; g&#x142;&#x119;bokie morze, rozci&#x105;gaj&#x105;ce si&#x119; na g&#x142;&#x119;boko&#x15B;ci oko&#x142;o 1000&#x2013;6000 m (od strefy batypelagicznej do strefy abisalnej), z g&#x142;&#x119;bszymi rowami hadalnymi si&#x119;gaj&#x105;cymi poni&#x17C;ej 6000 m. Region ten charakteryzuje si&#x119; ca&#x142;kowit&#x105; ciemno&#x15B;ci&#x105;, niskimi temperaturami (2&#x2013;3&#xB0;C, kt&#xF3;re mog&#x105; by&#x107; nieco wy&#x17C;sze w pobli&#x17C;u komin&#xF3;w hydrotermalnych), wysokim ci&#x15B;nieniem hydrostatycznym, wzrastaj&#x105;cym od powierzchni o ~101,33 kPa na ka&#x17C;de 10 m (np. ~10,13 MPa na g&#x142;&#x119;boko&#x15B;ci 1000 m), oraz powa&#x17C;nymi ograniczeniami dost&#x119;pno&#x15B;ci sk&#x142;adnik&#xF3;w od&#x17C;ywczych.
Mikroorganizmy zamieszkuj&#x105;ce te g&#x142;&#x119;boko&#x15B;ci wykazuj&#x105; unikalne adaptacje fizjologiczne. Niekt&#xF3;re, takie jak mikroorganizmy piezotolerancyjne, mog&#x105; tolerowa&#x107; wysokie ci&#x15B;nienie, lecz optymalnie rosn&#x105; przy 101,33 kPa. Inne, okre&#x15B;lane jako piezofile, rosn&#x105; najlepiej pod wysokim ci&#x15B;nieniem, zazwyczaj przy oko&#x142;o 30,40&#x2013;40,53 MPa, a ekstremalne piezofile, takie jak Moritella spp. z Rowu Maria&#x144;skiego, wymagaj&#x105; do wzrostu ci&#x15B;nienia powy&#x17C;ej 70,93 MPa. Aby przystosowa&#x107; si&#x119; do tych warunk&#xF3;w, organizmy te wykszta&#x142;caj&#x105; kilka unikalnych proces&#xF3;w kom&#xF3;rkowych, takich jak zwi&#x119;kszanie zawarto&#x15B;ci nienasyconych kwas&#xF3;w t&#x142;uszczowych w celu utrzymania p&#x142;ynno&#x15B;ci b&#x142;ony kom&#xF3;rkowej pod ci&#x15B;nieniem oraz ekspresja bia&#x142;ek wra&#x17C;liwych na ci&#x15B;nienie, takich jak OmpH.
Pod dnem morskim &#x17C;ycie drobnoustroj&#xF3;w trwa nadal w osadach g&#x142;&#x119;binowych, tworz&#x105;c jedn&#x105; z najwi&#x119;kszych biosfer mikroorganizm&#xF3;w na Ziemi. G&#x119;sto&#x15B;&#x107; drobnoustroj&#xF3;w w osadach maleje wraz z g&#x142;&#x119;boko&#x15B;ci&#x105;, od oko&#x142;o 10&#x2079; kom&#xF3;rek/g przy powierzchni do mniej ni&#x17C; 10&#xB3; kom&#xF3;rek/g na g&#x142;&#x119;boko&#x15B;ci setek metr&#xF3;w. Ten spadek odpowiada zmniejszonej dost&#x119;pno&#x15B;ci energii spowodowanej wyczerpywaniem si&#x119; materii organicznej i ko&#x144;cowych akceptor&#xF3;w elektron&#xF3;w, takich jak siarczan. W bogatych w substancje od&#x17C;ywcze obrze&#x17C;ach kontynentalnych siarczan jest szybko zu&#x17C;ywany, ust&#x119;puj&#x105;c miejsca metanogenezie. Z kolei w ubogich w materi&#x119; organiczn&#x105; osadach g&#x142;&#x119;bokooceanicznych siarczan mo&#x17C;e utrzymywa&#x107; si&#x119; a&#x17C; do bazaltowego pod&#x142;o&#x17C;a.
Pomimo niskiej g&#x119;sto&#x15B;ci kom&#xF3;rek sama obj&#x119;to&#x15B;&#x107; osad&#xF3;w mie&#x15B;ci szacunkowo 5.4 &#xD7; 10&#xB2;&#x2079; kom&#xF3;rek prokariotycznych. Metabolizm drobnoustroj&#xF3;w w tych strefach opiera si&#x119; na wolno degradowalnej materii organicznej i zwi&#x105;zkach wytwarzanych geochemicznie, takich jak metan, wod&#xF3;r i octan. Badania filogenetyczne ujawniaj&#x105; dominacj&#x119; niehodowanych archeon&#xF3;w, w tym Bathyarchaeota, oraz redukuj&#x105;cych siarczany Proteobacteria, kt&#xF3;re przystosowuj&#x105; si&#x119; do skrajnych ogranicze&#x144; energetycznych poprzez powolny wzrost, zwarte genomy i wyspecjalizowane szlaki beztlenowe.

The deep ocean and its underlying sediments represent vast, largely unexplored microbial habitats that extend far beyond the sunlit photic zone. The ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Microbiology

Mikrobiologia

Unit

Jednostka

Microbial Ecology

Ekologia mikroorganizmów

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

KLUCZOWE TERMINY I POJĘCIA

deep sea microbes and extreme conditions

Deep sea microbes live in one of Earth’s harshest environments. The deep ocean is far below the sunlit photic zone, which usually reaches the upper 100 to 200 meters of open water. Below that layer, the bathypelagic and abyssal zones stretch from about 1,000 to 6,000 meters, and hadal trenches go even deeper.

This region is dark, cold, and highly pressurized. Temperatures are usually around 2 to 3°C, although hydrothermal vents can be slightly warmer. Pressure rises by about 1 atmosphere for every 10 meters of depth, so it reaches about 100 atmospheres at 1,000 meters. Nutrients are also scarce, which makes life difficult for microbes.

Some deep sea microorganisms are piezotolerant. This means they can handle high pressure but still grow best at 1 atmosphere. Others are piezophiles, which grow best under high pressure, often around 300 to 400 atmospheres. Extreme piezophiles, such as Moritella species from the Mariana Trench, need pressures above 700 atmospheres to grow.

These microbes survive through special cell changes. Many increase the amount of unsaturated fatty acids in their membranes so the membranes stay fluid under pressure. Some also express pressure-sensitive proteins such as OmpH. These adaptations help cells function in conditions that would damage most surface-dwelling life.

Life also continues beneath the seafloor in deep-sea sediments. This subsurface habitat is one of the largest microbial biospheres on Earth. Microbial density drops with depth, from about 10^9 cells per gram near the surface to fewer than 10^3 cells per gram at hundreds of meters down.

That decline reflects lower energy supply. Organic matter becomes depleted, and terminal electron acceptors such as sulfate are used up. On nutrient-rich continental margins, sulfate disappears quickly and methanogenesis begins. In organic-poor deep-ocean sediments, sulfate can remain all the way to the basaltic basement.

Even with very low cell numbers, the total sediment volume is enormous. It may contain an estimated 5.4 × 10^29 prokaryotic cells. These microbes use slowly degradable organic matter and compounds made geochemically, including methane, hydrogen, and acetate.

Many of the organisms found there are still uncultured. Phylogenetic studies often show Archaea, including Bathyarchaeota, and sulfate-reducing Proteobacteria. They are adapted to extreme energy limits through slow growth, compact genomes, and specialized anaerobic pathways.

Deep Sea Microbes and Extreme Conditions

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Deep sea microbes live in one of Earth’s harshest environments. The deep ocean is far below the sunlit photic zone, which usually reaches the upper 100 to 200 meters of open water. Below that layer, the bathypelagic and abyssal zones stretch from about 1,000 to 6,000 meters, and hadal trenches go even deeper. This region is dark, cold, and highly pressurized. Temperatures are usually around 2 to 3°C, although hydrothermal vents can be slightly warmer. Pressure rises by about 1 atmosphere for...

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key terms and concepts

Explore how deep sea microbes survive cold, dark, high-pressure waters and nutrient-poor sediments through special adaptations and slow metabolism.

Deep Sea Microbes and Extreme Conditions | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Microbiology provides an engaging introduction to the microbial world and its influence on health, industry, and the environment. This comprehensive collection covers key concepts such as microbial structure, metabolism, genetics, and ecology. It introduces essential laboratory techniques and microscopy methods through visually engaging animations. Corresponding scientist-in-action videos bridge classroom concepts with real-world research and applications.

microbiology

Deep Sea Microbes and Extreme Conditions

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