$$\rightleftharpoonup{xx}$$
$$\longleftharp{xx}$$,
$$\longrightharp{xx}$$,
Design and effectiveness verification analysis of Ent2 gene targeting sites
Candidate target sites for the Ent2 gene were designed using CHOPCHOP and CCTop platforms (Figure 1). Two gRNAs targeting exon 2 and exon 5 regions were selected based on specificity and efficiency criteria. To verify successful genome editing, genomic DNA from randomly selected individuals of the established Ent2*/CyO line was amplified and subjected to Sanger sequencing. Sequencing chromatograms showed overlapping peaks beginning near the target site, consistent with insertion/deletion (indel) mutations. Further sequence analysis revealed frameshift mutations leading to premature stop codons (Figure 2). These results confirm that the CRISPR/Cas9 system successfully introduced mutations at the targeted Ent2 locus and demonstrate the feasibility of the genome editing workflow.

Figure 1. The schematic diagram of the knockout site of the Ent2 gene and the location of the detection primer in the genome. This schematic illustrates the genomic structure of the Ent2 locus, highlighting the CDS (green), start and stop codons (red), gRNA PAM motif (gray), gRNA target sequence (blue), and gRNA amplification primer sequence (yellow) Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.

Figure 2. The peak plot of sequencing results of Drosophila progeny of stable line self-inbred Ent2*/CyO. Sequencing chromatogram confirming the genotype of progeny obtained from self-crossing the stable Ent2*/CyO heterozygous line. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Descriptive morphological observations of the Ent2/CyO line
We observed body shape differences between the two genotypes of fruit flies across genders under 22 °C and 25 °C conditions using a stereomicroscope (Figure 3). Under both temperature conditions, both male and female fruit flies exhibited a typical "long spindle" body shape. Female abdomens were wide and spindle-shaped, with wing tips slightly extending beyond the abdominal tip. The thorax–abdomen junction in males was clearly defined, and the darkened pigmentation at the end of the abdomen—a distinguishing feature of males—was visible. The wings of w1118 flies of both genders were transparent with clearly defined veins, and no wing edge curvature or vein breakage was observed. In contrast, Ent2*/CyO heterozygotes exhibited noticeable wing base bending and wing edge curvature. At 22 °C, regardless of gender, the body length of fruit flies was significantly greater than that of the same genotype at 25 °C. Additionally, female body length was significantly greater than that of males at the same temperature. Furthermore, at both 22 °C and 25 °C, the body size of Ent2*/CyO heterozygotes was smaller than that of the corresponding w1118 flies. To investigate the morphological basis, we simultaneously measured the body length of the flies (Figure 3E, Table 1). A three-way ANOVA revealed significant main effects of genotype (F(1,16)=230.1, P<0.0001), temperature (F(1,16)=19.50, P=0.0004), and sex (F(1,16)=166.9, P<0.0001). Significant genotype x sex interaction (F(1,16)=14.96, P=0.0014) and a significant genotype x temperature x sex three-way interaction (F(1,16)=6.231, P=0.0239) were also observed.

Figure 3. The control morphology of w1118 and Ent2*/CyO adults. Representative images showing posture characteristics of female (A, C) and male (B, D) Drosophila at 22 °C and 25 °C, along with quantitative comparison of body length (E). ** P < 0.01. Scale bar: 1 mm. Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.
Survival analysis under different temperature conditions
We statistically analyzed the survival curves of Ent2*/CyO heterozygotes and w1118 flies at 22 °C and 25 °C (Figure 4). The results showed that the survival curve of Ent2*/CyO heterozygous females was the highest, with two individuals still alive at the 14th week. All w1118 females died by the 14th week. All Ent2*/CyO heterozygous males died by the 12th week, while all w1118 males died by the 11th week. These findings indicate that at 22 °C, the overall lifespan of females is longer than that of males, and within the same gender, the survival ability of Ent2*/CyO heterozygotes is slightly stronger than that of the w1118 type.
Under 25 °C conditions, the overall survival period was significantly shortened. The survival curves of w1118 females and Ent2*/CyO heterozygous males dropped to zero by the 10th week. The survival curves of Ent2*/CyO heterozygous females and w1118 males declined to 1–2 individuals by the 8th week and reached zero by the 9th week. The difference between the mutant and w1118 was not statistically significant (P > 0.05). These observations describe the survival characteristics of the mutant line under different environmental conditions