Chlorine Terminated Tip
Chlorine Terminated Tip - Related Videos
01:44
Termination of Translation
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2020
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
01:31
Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination
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2023
Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...
14:17
The Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS), D-FENS, and D-FEND ALL: Novel Chlorine Dioxide Decontamination Technologies for the Military
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Cited by 8 •
2014
The Portable Chemical Sterilizer (PCS) is a revolutionary, energy-independent, almost waterless sterilization technology for Army medical units. The PCS generates chlorine dioxide from dry reagents mixed with water on-site, at-will, and at point-of-use (PoU) in a plastic suitcase. The Disinfectant-sprayer for Foods and ENvironmentally-friendly Sanitation (D-FENS) and the Disinfectant for ENvironmentally-friendly Decontamination, All-purpose (D-FEND ALL) produce aqueous chlorine dioxide in a...
07:07
Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes
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Cited by 14 •
2017
Here, we describe a protocol for the application of a novel, slow-release ClO2 product that reduces spoilage and extends the shelf life of fresh fruit. The slow-release ClO2 product was added to standard commercial grape tomato packaging and tested against Escherichia coli and Alternaria alternata.
01:15
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Chlorination and Bromination of Benzene
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2025
Chlorination and bromination are important classes of electrophilic aromatic substitutions, where benzene reacts with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst to give halogenated substitution products. A Lewis acid such as aluminium chloride or ferric chloride catalyzes the chlorination, and ferric bromide catalyzes the bromination reactions. During the bromination of alkenes, bromine polarizes and becomes electrophilic. However, in the bromination of benzene, the bromine...
FAQs
The chlorine atom at the apex creates a highly localized interaction with the sample. Short-range chemical forces act alongside electrostatic interactions and steric effects, so the measured signal can change with the atoms, functional groups, and local arrangement encountered by the tip. These interaction-dependent changes produce image contrast that can reveal molecular-scale surface structure.
A chlorine termination gives the probe apex a defined chemical identity rather than leaving its interaction chemically unspecified. Because that atom directly participates in local interactions with the sample, it can alter both reactivity and contrast. This defined response supports chemical discrimination, allowing researchers to distinguish surface features through their differing interactions with the apex.
Interpretation should account for three related contributions: short-range chemical forces, electrostatic interactions, and steric effects. Chemical forces relate to local bonding or surface interactions, electrostatics can influence the signal through charge-sensitive behavior, and steric effects reflect how the apex fits near nearby features. Together, they determine the observed nanoscale contrast.
During scanning-probe microscopy, the chemically defined apex is brought into interaction with a surface while the resulting response is used to form a high-resolution measurement. Researchers examine variations in contrast to assess local structure, chemical identity, or bonding-related behavior. The approach is particularly useful when ordinary topographic information does not adequately distinguish nearby molecular features.
Adsorbed molecules are an important target because their individual atoms and functional groups can interact differently with the chlorine apex. Surface studies more broadly also benefit when local chemical behavior matters. By probing these interactions, researchers can examine molecular arrangement and identify how specific parts of an adsorbate contribute to the measured nanoscale response.
These measurements can provide molecular-resolution images, chemical discrimination, and information about local bonding or surface structure. Their value lies in connecting a spatially resolved signal with specific atomic interactions at the probe apex. Consequently, chemists can investigate how local bonding, functional groups, and surface features influence nanoscale measurements rather than relying only on overall appearance.