15.11
Mudança na Demanda de Mão de Obra I
Uma mudança na demanda de mercado por mão de obra ocorre quando o número total de trabalhadores que os empregadores desejam contratar muda em todos os…
A curva de demanda do mercado por mão de obra está inclinada para baixo. Reflete o valor do produto marginal do trabalho.
Quando o preço do produto muda, ele muda a curva de demanda do mercado por mão de obra.
Considere um mercado hipotético em que um único tipo de purificador de água é vendido por várias empresas pelo mesmo preço. Aqui, os consumidores estão se tornando cada vez mais conscientes dos benefícios para a saúde da água potável. Isso pode aumentar a demanda por purificadores de água, levando a preços mais altos dos produtos.
O aumento no preço significa que o valor do produto marginal do trabalho ou VMPL torna-se maior. Isso ocorre porque o VMPL é o produto marginal do trabalho multiplicado pelo preço dos purificadores de água.
Torna-se mais lucrativo contratar trabalhadores à medida que trabalhadores adicionais ajudam a obter maior receita.
Assim, a demanda por mão de obra por todas as empresas que fabricam purificadores de água aumenta, deslocando a curva de demanda do mercado por mão de obra para a direita.
Uma diminuição no preço dos purificadores de água diminuirá a demanda por mão de obra pelas empresas. Isso mudará a curva de demanda do mercado por mão de obra para a esquerda.
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Q1: Why does the market demand curve for labor slope downward?
The market demand curve for labor slopes downward because it reflects the value of the marginal product of labor. As wages increase, firms hire fewer workers since labor becomes more expensive relative to its productivity. Conversely, lower wages encourage firms to hire more workers, creating the inverse relationship between wage levels and quantity of labor demanded.
Q2: How does an increase in product price affect labor demand?
When product price increases, the value of the marginal product of labor rises because VMPL equals marginal product of labor multiplied by product price. This makes hiring additional workers more profitable, as they generate greater revenue. Consequently, all firms increase their labor demand, shifting the market demand curve for labor to the right.
Q3: What causes a leftward shift in the market demand curve for labor?
A leftward shift in the market demand curve for labor occurs when product price decreases due to changing consumer preferences. Lower product prices reduce the value of the marginal product of labor, making it less profitable to hire workers. Firms respond by reducing the number of workers employed at every wage level, decreasing overall market labor demand.
Q4: What is the difference between a shift in labor demand and a movement along the demand curve?
A movement along the labor demand curve occurs when wage rates change, causing quantity demanded to adjust. A shift in labor demand happens when factors other than wages change, such as product price or technology, causing the entire curve to move left or right. Shifts represent changes in total hiring at every wage level, not just responses to wage changes.
Q5: How do consumer preferences influence labor demand in competitive markets?
In competitive markets, consumer preferences directly affect product demand and price. When consumers become increasingly aware of product benefits, demand rises, increasing product prices. Higher prices boost the value of the marginal product of labor, prompting firms to hire more workers. This demonstrates how consumer awareness and preferences ultimately drive changes in labor demand across industries.
Q6: Why do all firms in an industry adjust labor demand together when product price changes?
In a competitive market where firms sell identical products at uniform prices, all firms face the same product price changes. Since each firm's labor demand reflects the value of the marginal product of labor at different quantities, a price change affects every firm's profitability equally. Therefore, when product price rises or falls, all firms simultaneously increase or decrease labor demand, shifting the entire market demand curve.
Q7: What role does the marginal product of labor play in determining labor demand shifts?
The marginal product of labor is a key component of the value of the marginal product of labor calculation. While MPL itself doesn't change when product prices shift, the VMPL does because it multiplies MPL by product price. When VMPL increases due to higher product prices, firms become willing to hire additional workers at any wage rate, driving rightward shifts in market labor demand.