Name: leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Photosynthesis

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="4">Cromatografia de pigmento vegetal e discos de folhas flutuantes no vácuo
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Tiras de cromatografia (tira de 18 x 3-4 cm)">Tiras de cromatografia (tira de 18 x 3-4 cm)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Solvente de cromatografia (90% éter de petróleo e 10% acetona, 10 mL)">Solvente de cromatografia (90% éter de petróleo e 10% acetona, 10 mL)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="50">50</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="mL">mL</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Limpadores de cachimbo">Limpadores de cachimbo</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Seringas descartáveis de plástico (20 mL)">Seringas descartáveis de plástico (20 mL)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Clipes de papel">Clipes de papel</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Petríplacas ">Petríplacas </div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Copos de plástico/vidro (400 mL)">Copos de plástico/vidro (400 mL)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="15">15</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Perfuração ">Perfuração </div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Régua">Régua</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Marcador permanente">Marcador permanente</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Lápis">Lápis</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Sabonete líquido Dawn (1 garrafa)">Sabonete líquido Dawn (1 garrafa)</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="1">1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="por estação">por estação</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Folhas de espinafre ">Folhas de espinafre </div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="Dependente do tamanho do laboratório ">Dependente do tamanho do laboratório </span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ingrediente" data-value="Bicarbonato de sódio/bicarbonato de sódio">Bicarbonato de sódio/bicarbonato de sódio</div>
								<div class="ingrediente-quantidade">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="Dependente do tamanho do laboratório ">Dependente do tamanho do laboratório </span>
								</div>
							</li></ul>

fotossíntese

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">Cromatografia de pigmento vegetal e discos de folhas flutuantes no vácuo
<button class="expand">Expand<</button>ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">No dia anterior ao experimento, encha um recipiente com água.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">Coloque as folhas de espinafre na água e certifique-se de que estejam submersas.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">Deixe as folhas de espinafre de molho durante a noite em temperatura ambiente.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">Usando luvas, prepare e meça seções de papel de cromatografia de 18 cm x 304 cm.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">Prepare uma solução de bicarbonato para o segundo experimento combinando 0,25 g de NaHCO3 com 300 mL de água. Adicione um esguicho de detergente à solução e misture delicadamente.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">Se a solução ainda estiver com espuma, adicione mais bicarbonato.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">Para a solução de controle, combine 300 mL de água com um esguicho de detergente. Misture delicadamente e tente evitar espuma.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">Pouco antes do início do experimento, selecione algumas folhas de espinafre de suavidade e espessura semelhantes, sem muitas veias grandes.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">Use um furador para criar 20 discos uniformes a partir das folhas para cada aluno ou grupo.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">O que é fotossíntese?</h4><p>A fotossíntese é a conversão da luz solar em energia utilizável e armazenável. Os autótrofos (como as plantas) usam dióxido de carbono, água e energia aproveitados da luz solar para gerar glicose e oxigênio por meio da fotossíntese, fornecendo assim uma importante fonte de energia na cadeia alimentar.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">Como as plantas aproveitam a energia do sol?</h4><p>As plantas produzem pigmentos, como a clorof...

Fotossíntese

Cromatografia de pigmento vegetal e discos de folhas flutuantes no vácuo
ExpandirNo dia anterior ao experimento, encha um recipiente com água.
Coloque o espinafre ...

Education

JoVE Lab Manual

Biologia

Cellular Processes

Processos Celulares

Lab Manual Sub Articles

Subartigos do Manual de Laboratório

leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs

<p class="jove_content">Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one squirt of dish soap and mix gently. If the solution stays sudsy, add more bicarbonate.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A control solution is prepared separately with 300 mL water and one squirt of dish soap. Mix this gently and avoid creating suds. Just before the lab begins, choose spinach leaves that are similar in smoothness and thickness and do not have too many large veins. Use a hole punch to make 20 uniform discs for each student or group.</p>

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

leaf-pigment-prep-for-chromatography-labs

photosynthesis

Spinach Pigments and Leaf Disc Photosynthesis

Spinach leaves contain pigments that can be separated by chromatography. In this lab, chromatography paper is used to move the pigments at different rates so their colors and positions can be compared. By measuring how far each pigment travels and calculating its retention factor, or Rf value, students can identify the pigments by matching them with literature values.<br /><br />The chromatography setup starts with a pencil line drawn 2 centimeters from one end of the paper. A spinach leaf is pressed...

Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.<br /><br />The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare spinach leaves, chromatography paper, bicarbonate solution, and leaf discs for a high school photosynthesis lab on pigments and floating discs.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

3.1.9-12.J

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

<p>Você já se perguntou por que todas as folhas de outono das árvores mudam de verde para tons de amarelo, laranja e vermelho? O que dá às folhas suas cores brilhantes em primeiro lugar? A resposta está nas organelas vegetais chamadas cloroplastos, que contêm pigmentos que absorvem certos comprimentos de onda da luz solar e refletem outros. Um pigmento em particular, a clorofila, é o mais abundante no verão. Ele absorve comprimentos de onda de alta energia, roxo, azul e vermelho da luz solar e reflete os comprimentos de onda verdes, dando às folhas sua aparência verde. Existem outros pigmentos nas folhas, como carotenóides, que refletem a luz vermelha e amarela. No outono, as folhas param de repor seus pigmentos. Como a clorofila se degrada mais rapidamente do que os outros pigmentos, as cores desses carotenóides são desmascaradas.</p><p>A presença de diferentes pigmentos em uma folha verde pode ser demonstrada com papel de cromatografia, um polímero hidrofílico que separa moléculas com base em sua solubilidade em um determinado solvente. Primeiro, o extrato da folha é carregado no papel. Quando o papel é mergulhado em um solvente hidrofóbico orgânico, o solvente viaja ao longo do papel devido à ação capilar e, ao longo do caminho, separa diferentes pigmentos no extrato da folha. Os pigmentos mais hidrofóbicos são transportados mais para cima no papel. Já os pigmentos hidrofílicos se ligam à celulose, o que dificulta seu movimento. Depois que todos os pigmentos são classificados por sua hidrofobicidade, podemos calcular o fator de retenção ou os valores de Rf. O valor de Rf é a razão entre a distância percorrida por um pigmento e a distância percorrida pelo solvente. Cada pigmento tem um valor de Rf exclusivo e podemos identificar facilmente os pigmentos comparando os valores calculados com os padrões. A fotossíntese, o processo pelo qual as plantas convertem dióxido de carbono, água e energia luminosa em energia química e oxigênio, é realizada principalmente nas folhas de uma planta, e a clorofila desempenha um papel crítico nesse processo. Os cloroplastos contêm dezenas de moléculas de clorofila, cada uma realizando uma tarefa específica e interagindo de maneiras complexas. Em última análise, a energia da luz faz com que as moléculas de clorofila liberem elétrons que são utilizados em outros processos metabólicos. Portanto, a clorofila precisa de um suprimento contínuo de elétrons para substituir os que perde. Esses elétrons de substituição vêm da divisão de moléculas de água em prótons, elétrons e moléculas de oxigênio. Em altas taxas de fotossíntese, a água é dividida mais rapidamente para reabastecer os elétrons e o oxigênio é gerado rapidamente.</p><p>Esse fenômeno nos ajuda a avaliar a taxa de fotossíntese no laboratório, simplesmente suspendendo os discos das folhas em uma solução de bicarbonato, onde o bicarbonato atua como uma rica fonte de carbono. No início do experimento do disco foliar, os gases são forçados para fora dos discos foliares aplicando pressão negativa com vácuo em uma seringa. Os discos foliares com seus gases expelidos tornam-se mais pesados e afundam no fundo da solução de bicarbonato quando transferidos para um béquer. Quando ocorre a fotossíntese, a água no ambiente é dividida para repor os elétrons da clorofila. O oxigênio resultante torna os discos mais leves, fazendo com que flutuem para a superfície ao longo do tempo. Ambientes que permitem taxas mais altas de fotossíntese têm discos que flutuam mais rápido.</p><p>Neste laboratório, você primeiro separará e identificará pigmentos em folhas de espinafre usando papel de cromatografia. Em seguida, você avaliará a taxa de fotossíntese em água e em solução de bicarbonato com um experimento de disco foliar.</p>

photosynthesis: light, sugars, and carbon

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis turns sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process powers most life on Earth by helping autotrophs, or primary producers, make food. The glucose they make can provide quick energy or be stored as starch for later use. Consumers depend on these producers for energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis happens in many kinds of organisms. Cyanobacteria, some protists such as algae, and plants can all carry out this process. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts look green because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Plants use several pigments to capture light. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. Other pigments, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, absorb or reflect different wavelengths and often appear yellow to red. In autumn, when chlorophyll levels drop in temperate regions, these pigments become visible and leaves change color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. These stages happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an inner thylakoid membrane that forms disc-like folds. The space between the inner membrane and thylakoids is the stroma.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-dependent reactions begin in the thylakoid membrane when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. Those electrons move through an electron transport chain, dropping to lower energy levels and releasing energy. The cell uses that energy to make ATP and NADPH. Water splitting, also called hydrolysis, replaces the lost electrons in chlorophyll. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps keep the flow of electrons going.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. They use ATP and NADPH from the first stage to build a three-carbon sugar from carbon dioxide. That sugar can then be turned into glucose or other biomolecules. This is also called carbon fixation or carbon sequestration because carbon is pulled from the atmosphere and stored in living molecules.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis plays a major role in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide moves between reservoirs at a steady pace, but changes in that flow can upset the balance. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere can raise temperatures. Much of the extra carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels, which returns ancient carbon to the air very quickly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Forests and ocean algae help lower carbon dioxide levels, so deforestation is a serious concern in a changing climate. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis as a way to make carbon-neutral biofuels. Like solar panels, these methods take energy from the sun and store it as chemical energy instead of electricity. Researchers have also used photosynthetic bacteria to make simple sugars, lactic acid, biodegradable plastics, and even medically useful compounds, including substances studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Photosynthesis: Light, Sugars, and Carbon

Autótrofos

Quase todos os organismos vivos na Terra dependem da fotossíntese, que é o processo que converte a energia solar em um açúcar simples chamado ...

Teste sua compreensão de Fotossíntese com este questionário de avaliação de Biology no JoVE Lab Manual. Abrange conceitos-chave por meio de perguntas baseadas em vídeo projetadas para avaliar o aprendizado do aluno.

Fotossíntese em Biology - Questionário de Avaliação | JoVE Lab Manual

Siga os procedimentos passo a passo de Fotossíntese neste vídeo de protocolo estudantil de 8 minutos. Parte da coleção Biology no JoVE Lab Manual.

Protocolo do Estudante para Fotossíntese em Biology - 32K+ visualizações | JoVE Lab Manual

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Solution Preparation
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Chemistry of the Cell

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Functional groups are a group of atoms with characteristic properties, which when linked to the carbon skeleton of a molecule, alter the properties of ...

Introduction to Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

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Fibrous Proteins

Fibrous proteins are either long and narrow proteins or assemble to form long and thin structures. They contain repetitive units and usually consist of ...

Protein Denaturation

The function of proteins depends on their native three-dimensional structure, which is dictated by the amino acid sequence of the specific protein. ...

Role of Proteins in the Human Body

Proteins are the building block of life. They are also&#160; the most abundant macromolecules with as many diverse roles in the body. They are part of ...

Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and have instructions for its ...

Nucleic Acid Structure

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

The use of enzymes by humans dates to 7000 BCE. Humans first used enzymes to ferment sugars and produce alcohol without knowing that this was an ...

Enzymes and Activation Energy

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Introduction to Enzyme Kinetics

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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

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Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

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Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Prokaryotic Cells

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Cytoplasm

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The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

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Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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Types of Intermediate Filaments

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Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

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Plant Cell Wall

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Plasmodesmata

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Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

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The Central Dogma

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RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

What is Gene Expression?

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RNA Structure

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Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

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Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

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