Name: how dna stores genetic information
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:41.267Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

The DNA Helix

O &#xC1;cido Desoxirribonucleico, ou DNA, consiste em duas cadeias polinucleot&#xED;dicas. Cada uma &#xE9; composta por quatro tipos de subunidades de nucleot&#xED;deos, que consistem em um &#xFA;nico grupo fosfato e uma base de nitrog&#xEA;nio contendo, adenina, A, citosina, C, guanina, G ou timina, T, ligado a um a&#xE7;&#xFA;car desoxirribose. Este arranjo cria a espinha dorsal de a&#xE7;&#xFA;car-fosfato da estrutura do DNA.Por um lado, o a&#xE7;&#xFA;car &#xE9; orientado com o grupo hidroxila exposto no terceiro &#xE1;tomo de carbono, que est&#xE1; pronto para vincular covalentemente &#xE0; outra mol&#xE9;cula de a&#xE7;&#xFA;car na cadeia do quinto &#xE1;tomo de carbono via liga&#xE7;&#xF5;es fosfodi&#xE9;ster. Na cadeia antiparalela oposta, cada base &#xE9; emparelhada de forma &#xFA;nica, C com G e A com T, gra&#xE7;as &#xE0;s diferen&#xE7;as no n&#xFA;mero de liga&#xE7;&#xF5;es de hidrog&#xE9;nio que se forma entre elas. Essa polaridade qu&#xED;mica garante uma embalagem eficiente, enrolando os dois fios perto um do outro para formar uma dupla h&#xE9;lice 3-D com dez pares de base a cada volta completa.

"Descoberta da estrutura e função do DNA: Watson e Crick." Nature Education 1, nº 1 (2008): 100. [<a href="https://www.nature.com/scitable/topicpage/discovery-of-dna-structure-and-function-watson-397">Fonte</a>]

a hélice do dna

<h4>Vis&#xE3;o Geral</h4>
 
 O &#xE1;cido desoxirribonucleico, ou DNA, &#xE9; o material gen&#xE9;tico respons&#xE1;vel por passar caracter&#xED;sticas de gera&#xE7;&#xE3;o em gera&#xE7;&#xE3;o em todos os organismos e na maioria dos v&#xED;rus. O DNA &#xE9; composto por duas cadeias de nucle&#xF3;tidos que giram ao redor uma da outra para formar uma dupla h&#xE9;lice. A descoberta da estrutura do DNA ocorreu incrementalmente ao longo de quase um s&#xE9;culo, representando uma das hist&#xF3;rias mais famosas e cativantes da hist&#xF3;ria da ci&#xEA;ncia.
 
 <h4>Estrutura do DNA em Detalhe</h4>
 
 Cada cadeia de DNA cont&#xE9;m subunidades chamadas nucle&#xF3;tidos que cont&#xEA;m o a&#xE7;&#xFA;car desoxirribose, um grupo fosfato, e uma de quatro bases contendo nitrog&#xE9;nio: adenina (A), guanina (G), citosina (C) e timina (T). Adenina e guanina s&#xE3;o membros de uma classe maior de produtos qu&#xED;micos chamados purinas que cont&#xEA;m estruturas de dois an&#xE9;is. Citosina e timina pertencem a um grupo de estruturas de an&#xE9;is &#xFA;nicos chamadas pirimidinas.
 
 Nucle&#xF3;tidos adjacentes na mesma cadeia est&#xE3;o covalentemente ligados por liga&#xE7;&#xF5;es fosfodi&#xE9;ster. As duas cadeias de nucle&#xF3;tidos s&#xE3;o mantidas juntas por liga&#xE7;&#xF5;es de hidrog&#xE9;nio, em que as adeninas em uma das cadeias emparelham com timinas na mesma posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o na outra cadeia, e as citosinas em uma das cadeias emparelham com com guaninas na mesma posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o na outra cadeia. Esta liga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de hidrog&#xE9;nio &#xE9; poss&#xED;vel devido ao arranjo antiparalelo das duas cadeias de DNA, nos quais as extremidades de 5&#x2019; e 3&#x2019; das cadeias est&#xE3;o orientadas em dire&#xE7;&#xF5;es opostas. Sem esse arranjo, os nucle&#xF3;tidos estariam na posi&#xE7;&#xE3;o errada para formar liga&#xE7;&#xF5;es de hidrog&#xE9;nio entre as cadeias.
 
 As duas cadeias da mol&#xE9;cula de DNA est&#xE3;o firmemente enroladas em uma estrutura semelhante a uma mola chamada dupla h&#xE9;lice. No entanto, a dupla h&#xE9;lice n&#xE3;o &#xE9; perfeitamente sim&#xE9;trica. Em vez disso, h&#xE1; sulcos regulares na sua estrutura. O sulco maior ocorre onde os esqueletos de a&#xE7;&#xFA;car-fosfato est&#xE3;o relativamente distantes. Este espa&#xE7;o permite o acesso de prote&#xED;nas de liga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DNA, como fatores de transcri&#xE7;&#xE3;o. O sulco menor, em contraste, ocorre onde os esqueletos de a&#xE7;&#xFA;car-fosfato est&#xE3;o pr&#xF3;ximos. Relativamente poucas prote&#xED;nas se ligam ao DNA atrav&#xE9;s do sulco menor.
 
 <h4>A Descoberta da Estrutura do DNA: Uma Breve Hist&#xF3;ria</h4>
 
 A hist&#xF3;ria da descoberta da estrutura do DNA come&#xE7;a em 1869, quando o cientista Su&#xED;&#xE7;o Friedrich Miescher descobriu uma subst&#xE2;ncia a que chamou de &#x201C;nucle&#xED;na&#x201D;. No processo de extra&#xE7;&#xE3;o de prote&#xED;na de gl&#xF3;bulos brancos, Miescher encontrou uma subst&#xE2;ncia inesperada que tinha um teor relativamente alto de f&#xF3;sforo. Ele n&#xE3;o sabia o que era, mas suspeitava que poderia ser biologicamente importante. Miescher estava certo, mas passaram d&#xE9;cadas antes de a comunidade cient&#xED;fica apreciar plenamente as suas intui&#xE7;&#xF5;es.
 
 A descoberta cr&#xED;tica seguinte foi feita pelo bioqu&#xED;mico Russo Phoebus Levene. Em 1919, Levene prop&#xF4;s que a nucle&#xED;na, nessa altura conhecida como &#xE1;cido nucleico, era composta por cadeias de mol&#xE9;culas que ele chamava de polinucle&#xF3;tidos. A proposta de Levene surgiu da sua investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o sobre leveduras, na qual ele descobriu que nucle&#xF3;tidos individuais eram compostos por um grupo fosfato, um a&#xE7;&#xFA;car e uma base contendo nitrog&#xE9;nio. Embora o modelo de polinucle&#xF3;tidos de Levene estivesse correto em muitos aspectos, ainda n&#xE3;o era claro como as bases estavam organizadas na mol&#xE9;cula de DNA.
 
 O bioqu&#xED;mico Austr&#xED;aco Erwin Chargaff expandiu o trabalho de Levene. Trabalhando no final da d&#xE9;cada de 1940, Chargaff fez uma descoberta chave: a quantidade de adenina no DNA &#xE9; sempre aproximadamente igual &#xE0; quantidade de timina, e a quantidade de guanina &#xE9; sempre aproximadamente igual &#xE0; quantidade de citosina. Este padr&#xE3;o ficou conhecido como Regra de Chargaff e foi uma evid&#xEA;ncia chave que permitiu a elucida&#xE7;&#xE3;o final da estrutura do DNA.
 
 No in&#xED;cio da d&#xE9;cada de 1950, o bi&#xF3;logo Americano James Watson e o f&#xED;sico Ingl&#xEA;s Francis Crick estavam a correr contra o seu principal rival, o Americano Linus Pauling, para descobrir a estrutura tridimensional do DNA. Com base no trabalho de Chargaff, eles usaram conhecimentos de f&#xED;sica, matem&#xE1;tica e qu&#xED;mica para construir modelos f&#xED;sicos de DNA. Mas eles n&#xE3;o tiveram sucesso at&#xE9; receberem um peda&#xE7;o cr&#xED;tico de informa&#xE7;&#xE3;o: uma &#x2018;fotografia&#x2019; de raios-X do DNA que mostrava ao pormenor a sua estrutura em dupla h&#xE9;lice. Esta fotografia era informa&#xE7;&#xE3;o n&#xE3;o publicada da f&#xED;sica Rosalind Franklin e foi dada a Watson e Crick sem o conhecimento de Franklin. Watson e Crick publicaram a sua descri&#xE7;&#xE3;o da estrutura do DNA em 1953, e juntamente com Maurice Wilkins (um colega de trabalho de Franklin), eles ganharam o Pr&#xE9;mio Nobel de Fisiologia ou Medicina em 1962 por essa descoberta. Infelizmente, Franklin morreu em 1958 e, portanto, n&#xE3;o foi eleg&#xED;vel para um Pr&#xE9;mio Nobel.

A Hélice do DNA

Overview

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most ...

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Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Genetics

Genética

DNA Structure and Function

Estrutura e Função do DNA

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

how dna stores genetic information

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century.

Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and guanine are purines, which have two-ring structures, while cytosine and thymine are pyrimidines, which have one ring.

Nucleotides within a strand are linked by phosphodiester bonds. The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds between matching bases. Adenine pairs with thymine, and cytosine pairs with guanine. This pairing works because the two strands run in opposite directions, or antiparallel, with 5' and 3' ends oriented oppositely.

The twisted DNA molecule forms a spring-like double helix. It is not perfectly even, because it has repeating grooves. The major groove is where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart, and it gives DNA-binding proteins such as transcription factors better access. The minor groove is narrower, and relatively few proteins bind there.

The history of DNA research began in 1869, when Swiss scientist Friedrich Miescher found a phosphorus-rich substance he called nuclein while extracting protein from white blood cells. He did not know what it was, but he suspected it mattered biologically. His insight turned out to be important, although it took many years for scientists to understand why.

In 1919, Russian biochemist Phoebus Levene proposed that nuclein, then called a nucleic acid, was made of chains he named polynucleotides. His work on yeast showed that each nucleotide includes a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base. Even so, the exact arrangement of the bases in DNA was still unknown.

That question was helped by Erwin Chargaff in the late 1940s. He found that the amount of adenine is usually about equal to thymine, and the amount of guanine is usually about equal to cytosine. This became known as Chargaff's Rule and became a key clue for the final DNA model.

In the early 1950s, James Watson and Francis Crick competed with Linus Pauling to solve DNA's three-dimensional structure. They used ideas from physics, mathematics, and chemistry to build models, but they needed one more key clue. That clue came from an X-ray photograph of DNA that showed its double-helix shape in detail. The image was unpublished data from Rosalind Franklin and was shared with Watson and Crick without her knowledge.

Watson and Crick published their description of DNA structure in 1953. Together with Maurice Wilkins, they later received the 1962 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery. Franklin had died in 1958, so she was not eligible for the prize.

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

the dna helix

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century. Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and...

dna packaging

Chromatin and Histones in DNA Packing

Eukaryotic cells must pack long DNA molecules into the nucleus, and chromatin makes that possible. DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which are the main unit of DNA packaging. Nucleosomes then coil into compact chromatin fibers. The amount of DNA in a cell is much larger than it first seems. A single human skin cell has about 3 billion base pairs of DNA, and if that DNA were stretched out in a line, it would be about 2 meters long. With about 50 trillion cells in...

organization of genes

Genes, Introns, and Regulatory DNA

Eukaryotic genes are arranged within DNA along with non-coding regions that help control gene activity. A DNA strand includes genes and intergenic regions, which are the stretches between genes. These regions do not code for proteins, but they can contain important regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and silencers. A gene itself is not a single continuous coding block. It usually contains protein-coding exons and non-coding introns. After DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA in the...

karyotyping

Chromosome Stains for Detecting Disorders

Chromosome staining helps scientists find genetic disorders by showing the number and physical features of chromosomes. These features appear after DNA condenses into chromosomes during mitosis. Cytogeneticists then stop mitosis and stain the chromosomes to study their banding pattern. The pattern reveals details such as chromosome number, shape, and type. A chromosome description like this is called a karyotype. To create one, scientists take an image of the stained chromosomes and identify...

replication in prokaryotes

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules. Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying and Telomeres

Eukaryotic DNA copying is tightly regulated and must duplicate many linear chromosomes before cell division. The process is highly conserved and uses many proteins with specialized roles. It moves through initiation, elongation, and termination, and it ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic replication shares basic steps with prokaryotic DNA replication, but the larger genome and linear chromosomes require more proteins. Replication begins at multiple origins of...

proofreading

DNA Polymerase Fixes Replication Errors

DNA polymerase helps copy DNA and fix mistakes during replication. It adds nucleotides in a sequence that matches the template DNA strand. The enzyme also has a higher affinity for the correct base, which helps keep DNA replication accurate. As new genomic DNA is made, it is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. In many cells, DNA polymerases have different jobs in this process. DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon can proofread when nuclear DNA is being copied. These polymerases...

mismatch repair

DNA Mismatch Repair in Replication

DNA mismatch repair fixes copying errors that happen during DNA replication. When DNA polymerase makes a mistake, the cell can detect a wrong base pair, such as A with G or T with C, and replace it with the correct nucleotide. This repair system works in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and depends on several proteins. The Mutator protein family plays a central role in this process. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, MutS first binds the mismatch. MutL then helps identify which strand is the...

nucleotide excision repair

DNA Damage Repair by Excision

DNA damage repair by excision protects cells from mutagens that can change DNA. Exposure to environmental mutagens can create bulky lesions that bend the double helix or block transcription. If these changes are not repaired, they can lead to mutations and may contribute to cancer or disease, depending on which DNA sequences are affected. Nucleotide excision repair, or NER, is the process that detects and removes this kind of damage. Specialized proteins scan the DNA for a damaged region, then...

mutations

DNA Changes From Point Mutations to UV Damage

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. They can happen by chance during DNA copying, or they can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals. Scientists also describe mutations by how much DNA they affect, how they change a protein, and whether they happen in body cells or germline cells. Some mutations affect only one nucleotide, which is a point mutation. When a point mutation falls inside a gene, the outcome depends on how the amino acid sequence changes. A silent...

transcription

Transcription and Gene Control

Transcription and gene control explain how cells make RNA from DNA and decide which genes are active. RNA polymerase copies a DNA sequence into RNA, and this is the first step in making a protein from a gene. Many other proteins and control sequences help make messenger RNA, or mRNA, correctly. In eukaryotes, the DNA is first copied into a primary RNA, also called pre-mRNA. This RNA can then be processed into mature mRNA, which serves as the template for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes such...

translation

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding

Protein synthesis begins when ribosomes decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and build a chain of amino acids. This final step of gene expression is called translation. The finished chain is a polypeptide, which can later become a functional protein. Proteins are often called the building blocks of life because they make up much of the body, from muscle fibers to hairs and immune system parts. The instructions for each protein are encoded in genes found in the DNA of every cell. In biology, the central...

bacterial transformation

Griffith’s Mouse Experiment and DNA

Bacterial transformation explains how DNA can move into bacteria and change their traits. Frederick Griffith first noticed this in 1928 while studying pneumonia-causing Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. He compared one pathogenic strain with one non-pathogenic strain and found that only the pathogenic strain killed the host mice. Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic bacteria and mixed their remains with live, non-pathogenic bacteria. The mixture killed the mice,...

key terms and concepts

Learn how DNA stores genetic information through base pairing, the double helix, and the key discoveries by Miescher, Chargaff, Watson, Crick, and Franklin.

How DNA Stores Genetic Information | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

A coleção JoVE Core dá vida à biologia através de mais de 300 vídeos de animação concisos e fáceis de entender que explicam conceitos-chave de biologia, além de mais de 150 vídeos de Cientistas em ação que mostram experimentos reais em pesquisa realizados nos laboratórios atualmente.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules To Organisms: Structures And Processes

HS-LS1-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Heredity

Cellular genetics

Structure and function of DNA in cells

Modern genetics

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.5

BIO.5.a

LS.10

LS.10.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

Arizona Science Standards

HS+B.L3

HS+B.L3U1.11

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12.B.1.2.a

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

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Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
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Introduction to Actin

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overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Microtubules

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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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Types of Intermediate Filaments

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Gap Junctions

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The Extracellular Matrix

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Tissues

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Plant Cell Wall

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Plasmodesmata

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Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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Binary Fission

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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the ...

DNA as a Genetic Template

Two structural features of the DNA molecule provide a basis for the mechanisms of heredity: the four nucleotide bases and its double-stranded nature. The ...

DNA Packaging

Overview

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

The genomes of eukaryotes can be structured in several functional categories. A strand of DNA is comprised of genes and intergenic regions. ...

Chromosome Structure

A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations ...

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

Students who demonstrate understanding can construct an explanation based on evidence for how the structure of DNA determines the structure of proteins which carry out the essential functions of life through systems of specialized cells.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include the identification of specific cell or tissue types, whole body systems, specific protein structures and functions, or the biochemistry of protein synthesis.

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Taxonomy

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Phylogeny

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Students who demonstrate understanding can develop and use a model to illustrate the hierarchical organization of interacting systems that provide specific functions within multicellular organisms.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include interactions and functions at the molecular or chemical reaction levels.

3.1.9-12.B

Functions of Life

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Requirements for Human Life

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Negative and Positive Feedback

Homeostatic Imbalance

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3.1.9-12.C

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

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