Name: how prokaryotic dna is copied
Uploaded: 2026-08-26T08:20:08.548Z
Duration: 2 min 57 s
Channel: JoVE

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From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

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Replication in Prokaryotes

Em&#xA0;procariotas, a replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DNA come&#xE7;a quando prote&#xED;nas iniciadoras se vinculam para dar origem &#xE0; replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o, uma pequena regi&#xE3;o de DNA contendo uma sequ&#xEA;ncia espec&#xED;fica de bases, criando um complexo. Este complexo ajuda a inicialmente, separar o DNA. Ent&#xE3;o, a enzima DNA helicase liga-se a ela E continua a desenrolar o DNA quebrando as liga&#xE7;&#xF5;es da cadeia de hidrog&#xE9;nio entre as cadeias complementares.As &#xE1;reas rec&#xE9;m-abertas s&#xE3;o estabilizadas por prote&#xED;nas de liga&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DNA de fita simples Cada um pode&#xA0;agora servir&#xA0;como modelo Para a s&#xED;ntese&#xA0;de uma nova&#xA0;cadeia&#xA0;de DNA. O desenrolar e a s&#xED;ntese prossegue&#xA0;em ambas as dire&#xE7;&#xF5;es a partir da origem, criando duas bifurca&#xE7;&#xF5;es de replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o. &#xC0; frente&#xA0;dos garfos, enzimas toposisomerases se ligam&#xA0;ao DNA e reduzem a tens&#xE3;o de tor&#xE7;&#xE3;o conforme a mol&#xE9;cula se desenrola.Uma vez&#xA0;separadas as cadeias, outra enzima, primasse, sintetiza um RNA prim&#xE1;rio, uma pequena extens&#xE3;o&#xA0;de RNA complementar &#xE0;&#xA0;sequ&#xEA;ncia de DNA. O prim&#xE1;rio&#xA0;proporciona&#xA0;um lugar para a enzima&#xA0;DNA&#xA0;polimerase adicionar nucle&#xF3;tidos complementares &#xE0;&#xA0;sequ&#xEA;ncia de DNA, criando&#xA0;uma nova cadeia de DNA em&#xA0;um processo 01:23.700&#xA0;01:25.393 chamado alongamento. O DNA&#xA0;polimerase sintetiza DNA nos&#xA0;cinco&#xA0;primeiros em tr&#xEA;s&#xA0;dire&#xE7;&#xF5;es principais da mol&#xE9;cula.Assim, a s&#xED;ntese desta cadeia, a primeira cadeia, prossegue continuamente. A&#xA0;outra cadeia, a cadeia de atraso, tem a orienta&#xE7;&#xE3;o oposta. Consequentemente, o DNA &#xE9; sintetizado em&#xA0;peda&#xE7;os curtos&#xA0;chamados fragmentos de Okazaki, alongados a partir&#xA0;de RNA prim&#xE1;rios adicionais, para tr&#xE1;s da dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o geral do movimento do garfo de replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o.02:01.770&#xA0;02:04.020 Os RNA prim&#xE1;rios s&#xE3;o ent&#xE3;o excisados por enzimas como&#xA0;a RNAse, substitu&#xED;das por&#xA0;DNA, e&#xA0;os fragmentos de DNA&#xA0;s&#xE3;o&#xA0;unidos pela enzima&#xA0;DNA&#xA0;ligase, criando&#xA0;uma cadeia cont&#xED;nua. A replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do DNA prossegue por toda a mol&#xE9;cula, resultando&#xA0;em duas&#xA0;mol&#xE9;culas circulares de DNA. Isto &#xE9; considerado&#xA0;um processo semiconservativo porque cada mol&#xE9;cula cont&#xE9;m uma cadeia antiga e uma&#xA0;nova&#xA0;cadeia.

replicação em procariotas

<h4>Vis&#xE3;o Geral</h4>
 
 A replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do DNA tem tr&#xEA;s passos principais: inicia&#xE7;&#xE3;o, alongamento e t&#xE9;rmino. A replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o em procariotas come&#xE7;a quando as prote&#xED;nas iniciadoras se ligam &#xE0; &#xFA;nica origem da replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o (ori) no cromossoma circular da c&#xE9;lula. A replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o prossegue ent&#xE3;o em torno de todo o c&#xED;rculo do cromossoma em cada dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o a partir de dois garfos de replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o, resultando em duas mol&#xE9;culas de DNA.
 
 <h4>Muitas Prote&#xED;nas Trabalham Juntas Para Replicar o Cromossoma</h4>
 
 A replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o &#xE9; coordenada e realizada por uma s&#xE9;rie de prote&#xED;nas especializadas. A topoisomerase quebra um lado do esqueleto de a&#xE7;&#xFA;car-fosfato da cadeia dupla do DNA, permitindo que a h&#xE9;lice do DNA se desenrole mais rapidamente, enquanto que a helicase quebra as liga&#xE7;&#xF5;es entre pares de bases no garfo, separando o DNA em duas cadeias molde. Prote&#xED;nas que se ligam a mol&#xE9;culas de DNA de cadeia simples estabilizam as cadeias &#xE0; medida que o garfo de replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o viaja ao longo do cromossoma. O DNA s&#xF3; pode ser sintetizado na dire&#xE7;&#xE3;o de 5&#x2019; a 3&#x2019;, pelo que uma cadeia do molde&#x2014;a cadeia cont&#xED;nua&#x2014;&#xE9; alongada continuamente, enquanto que a outra cadeia&#x2014;a cadeia descont&#xED;nua&#x2014;&#xE9; sintetizada em por&#xE7;&#xF5;es mais curtas de 1000-2000 pares de bases chamados fragmentos de Okazaki.
 
 <h4>M&#xFA;ltiplas Polimerases Participam do Alongamento</h4>
 
 Grande parte da investiga&#xE7;&#xE3;o para perceber a replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do DNA procari&#xF3;tico foi realizada na bact&#xE9;ria Escherichia coli, um organismo modelo comumente usado. E. coli tem 5 DNA polimerases: Pol I, II, III, IV e V. A Pol III &#xE9; respons&#xE1;vel pela maior parte da replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o do DNA. Pode polimerizar cerca de 1.000 pares de bases por segundo. Esse ritmo surpreendente permite que a maquinaria presente nos dois garfos de replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o dupliquem o cromossoma de E. coli&#x2014;4,6 milh&#xF5;es de pares de bases&#x2014;em aproximadamente 40 minutos. A DNA polimerase I tamb&#xE9;m &#xE9; bem caracterizada; o seu papel principal &#xE9; remover os primers de RNA do in&#xED;cio dos fragmentos de Okazaki na cadeia descont&#xED;nua.
 
 <h4>Quando a Divis&#xE3;o Supera a Duplica&#xE7;&#xE3;o</h4>
 
 Em condi&#xE7;&#xF5;es favor&#xE1;veis de crescimento, E. coli divide-se a cada 20 minutos, cerca de metade do tempo que leva para replicar o seu genoma. Como &#xE9; isso poss&#xED;vel quando ambas as c&#xE9;lulas filhas devem ter o seu pr&#xF3;prio DNA? Os cientistas descobriram que as bact&#xE9;rias podem iniciar outra ronda de replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o de DNA a partir da origem da replica&#xE7;&#xE3;o antes da primeira ronda estar conclu&#xED;da; isso significa que as c&#xE9;lulas filhas recebem um cromossoma que j&#xE1; est&#xE1; em processo de ser copiado e est&#xE3;o preparadas para se dividirem novamente muito rapidamente.

Replicação em Procariotas

Overview

DNA replication has three main steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. Replication in prokaryotes begins when initiator proteins bind to ...

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DNA Structure and Function

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how prokaryotic dna is copied

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules.

Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the double-stranded DNA phosphate-sugar backbone so the helix can unwind more quickly. Helicase breaks the bonds between base pairs at the fork and separates the DNA into two template strands. Single-strand DNA-binding proteins then stabilize the exposed strands as the fork moves along the chromosome.

DNA synthesis can only happen in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Because of this, the leading strand is made continuously, while the lagging strand is made in short sections called Okazaki fragments. These fragments are about 1000 to 2000 base pairs long.

Research on this process has often used Escherichia coli, a common model organism. E. coli has five DNA polymerases: Pol I, II, III, IV, and V. Pol III does most of the replication and can add about 1,000 base pairs per second. That speed helps the two replication forks copy the 4.6 million base pair chromosome in about 40 minutes. Pol I is also well studied, and its main role is to remove the RNA primers at the start of Okazaki fragments on the lagging strand.

Under favorable growth conditions, E. coli can divide every 20 minutes, which is faster than the time needed to copy the genome once. Scientists found that the cell can start another round of replication before the first one is finished. As a result, daughter cells receive a chromosome that is already being copied and can divide again very quickly.

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

the dna helix

How DNA Stores Genetic Information

DNA stores genetic information that is passed from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is built from two strands of nucleotides that twist together into a double helix. The story of how scientists uncovered this structure developed step by step over nearly a century. Each DNA strand is made of nucleotides. A nucleotide contains the sugar deoxyribose, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), or thymine (T). Adenine and...

dna packaging

Chromatin and Histones in DNA Packing

Eukaryotic cells must pack long DNA molecules into the nucleus, and chromatin makes that possible. DNA wraps around proteins called histones to form nucleosomes, which are the main unit of DNA packaging. Nucleosomes then coil into compact chromatin fibers. The amount of DNA in a cell is much larger than it first seems. A single human skin cell has about 3 billion base pairs of DNA, and if that DNA were stretched out in a line, it would be about 2 meters long. With about 50 trillion cells in...

organization of genes

Genes, Introns, and Regulatory DNA

Eukaryotic genes are arranged within DNA along with non-coding regions that help control gene activity. A DNA strand includes genes and intergenic regions, which are the stretches between genes. These regions do not code for proteins, but they can contain important regulatory elements such as promoters, enhancers, and silencers. A gene itself is not a single continuous coding block. It usually contains protein-coding exons and non-coding introns. After DNA is transcribed into pre-mRNA in the...

karyotyping

Chromosome Stains for Detecting Disorders

Chromosome staining helps scientists find genetic disorders by showing the number and physical features of chromosomes. These features appear after DNA condenses into chromosomes during mitosis. Cytogeneticists then stop mitosis and stain the chromosomes to study their banding pattern. The pattern reveals details such as chromosome number, shape, and type. A chromosome description like this is called a karyotype. To create one, scientists take an image of the stained chromosomes and identify...

replication in prokaryotes

Prokaryotic DNA is copied through a coordinated process with three main stages: initiation, elongation, and termination. It begins when initiator proteins bind to the single origin of replication, or ori, on the cell’s circular chromosome. The DNA then copies around the circle in both directions, starting from two replication forks, and this produces two DNA molecules. Several proteins work together to open and protect the DNA during replication. Topoisomerase cuts one side of the...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying and Telomeres

Eukaryotic DNA copying is tightly regulated and must duplicate many linear chromosomes before cell division. The process is highly conserved and uses many proteins with specialized roles. It moves through initiation, elongation, and termination, and it ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus. Eukaryotic replication shares basic steps with prokaryotic DNA replication, but the larger genome and linear chromosomes require more proteins. Replication begins at multiple origins of...

proofreading

DNA Polymerase Fixes Replication Errors

DNA polymerase helps copy DNA and fix mistakes during replication. It adds nucleotides in a sequence that matches the template DNA strand. The enzyme also has a higher affinity for the correct base, which helps keep DNA replication accurate. As new genomic DNA is made, it is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. In many cells, DNA polymerases have different jobs in this process. DNA polymerase delta and DNA polymerase epsilon can proofread when nuclear DNA is being copied. These polymerases...

mismatch repair

DNA Mismatch Repair in Replication

DNA mismatch repair fixes copying errors that happen during DNA replication. When DNA polymerase makes a mistake, the cell can detect a wrong base pair, such as A with G or T with C, and replace it with the correct nucleotide. This repair system works in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes and depends on several proteins. The Mutator protein family plays a central role in this process. In bacteria such as Escherichia coli, MutS first binds the mismatch. MutL then helps identify which strand is the...

nucleotide excision repair

DNA Damage Repair by Excision

DNA damage repair by excision protects cells from mutagens that can change DNA. Exposure to environmental mutagens can create bulky lesions that bend the double helix or block transcription. If these changes are not repaired, they can lead to mutations and may contribute to cancer or disease, depending on which DNA sequences are affected. Nucleotide excision repair, or NER, is the process that detects and removes this kind of damage. Specialized proteins scan the DNA for a damaged region, then...

mutations

DNA Changes From Point Mutations to UV Damage

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. They can happen by chance during DNA copying, or they can be caused by environmental factors such as radiation and chemicals. Scientists also describe mutations by how much DNA they affect, how they change a protein, and whether they happen in body cells or germline cells. Some mutations affect only one nucleotide, which is a point mutation. When a point mutation falls inside a gene, the outcome depends on how the amino acid sequence changes. A silent...

transcription

Transcription and Gene Control

Transcription and gene control explain how cells make RNA from DNA and decide which genes are active. RNA polymerase copies a DNA sequence into RNA, and this is the first step in making a protein from a gene. Many other proteins and control sequences help make messenger RNA, or mRNA, correctly. In eukaryotes, the DNA is first copied into a primary RNA, also called pre-mRNA. This RNA can then be processed into mature mRNA, which serves as the template for protein synthesis. In prokaryotes such...

translation

Protein Synthesis and mRNA Decoding

Protein synthesis begins when ribosomes decode messenger RNA (mRNA) and build a chain of amino acids. This final step of gene expression is called translation. The finished chain is a polypeptide, which can later become a functional protein. Proteins are often called the building blocks of life because they make up much of the body, from muscle fibers to hairs and immune system parts. The instructions for each protein are encoded in genes found in the DNA of every cell. In biology, the central...

bacterial transformation

Griffith’s Mouse Experiment and DNA

Bacterial transformation explains how DNA can move into bacteria and change their traits. Frederick Griffith first noticed this in 1928 while studying pneumonia-causing Streptococcus pneumoniae in mice. He compared one pathogenic strain with one non-pathogenic strain and found that only the pathogenic strain killed the host mice. Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic bacteria and mixed their remains with live, non-pathogenic bacteria. The mixture killed the mice,...

key terms and concepts

Explore how prokaryotic DNA is copied, from origin binding and replication forks to leading and lagging strands, polymerases, and fast E. coli division.

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied | JoVE K12

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Characteristics of Life

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the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

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Compare and contrast existing models, identify patterns, and use structural and functional evidence to analyze the characteristics of life. Engage in argument about the designation of viruses as non-living based on these characteristics.
EXPLANATION: Students begin to develop patterns of living and non-living organisms in kindergarten and build on detailed characteristics of different classifications of living organisms throughout elementary and middle school. Biology 1 discussions introduce viral particles and viral cycles, building on student understanding of living organisms to engage in an argument regarding the classification of a viral particle as either living or non-living.

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Evaluate comparative models of various cell types with a focus on organic molecules that make up cellular structures.
EXPLANATION: Students explicitly discuss the structure and function of major cellular organelles in seventh grade. Building on this understanding, Biology I students should shift their focus to the different types of cells found in organisms and how the role of each cell type relates to its composition and the prevalence of different organelles within that cell. An example might include the absence (or enucleation) of the nucleus in red blood cells in mammals providing for increased levels of oxygen transport in organisms or the lack of centrioles in most neurons. Varying cell types can include both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell types.

BIO1.LS1.2

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell&#39;s genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its ...

The DNA Helix

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DNA Base Pairing

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The Central Dogma

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RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

DNA Packaging

Overview

Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. In order to fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotes must pack their DNA tightly inside ...

Organization of Genes

Overview

The genomes of eukaryotes can be structured in several functional categories. A strand of DNA is comprised of genes and intergenic regions. ...

Karyotyping

Describing the number and physical features of chromosomes can reveal abnormalities that underlie genetic diseases. This description is facilitated by ...

Replication in Eukaryotes

Overview

In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high ...

Mutations

Overview

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. ...

Transcription

Overview
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene ...

Translation

Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following ...

RNA Structure

Overview
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RNA Stability

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pre-mRNA Processing

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Types of RNA

Overview
Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs ...

MicroRNAs

siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs

Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional ...

piRNA - Piwi-interacting RNAs

PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while ...

CRISPR and crRNAs

Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect ...

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding ...

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Protein Folding

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Conservation of Protein Domains Over Different Proteins

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Globular and Fibrous Proteins

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Globular ...

Intrinsically Disordered Proteins

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Protein Complex Assembly

Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.&#160; Most protein complexes ...

Conjugated Proteins

Simple proteins and protein complexes contain only amino acids. In contrast, many other proteins, called conjugated proteins, covalently bond with ...

Allosteric Proteins-ATCase

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Amyloid Fibrils

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Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

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Antibody Structure

Phosphorylation

Ligand Binding Sites

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Protein Kinases and Phosphatases

Proteins undergo chemical modifications that trigger changes in the charge, structure, and conformation of the proteins. Phosphorylation, acetylation, ...

Protein-protein Interfaces

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GTPases and their Regulation

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Conserved Binding Sites

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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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The Equilibrium Binding Constant and Binding Strength

The equilibrium binding constant (Kb) quantifies the strength of a protein-ligand interaction. Kb can be calculated as follows when the reaction is at ...

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Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Cofactors and Coenzymes

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Integrate evidence to develop a structural model of a DNA molecule. Using the model, develop and communicate an explanation for how DNA serves as a template for self-replication and encodes biological information.
EXPLANATION: Discussions of DNA in earlier grades have been limited to discussions of genes and the role of genes in the appearance and activities of an organism. Biology 1 represents a student's introduction to a molecular model of a DNA as well as the organization of DNA into genes and genes subsequently into chromosomes. Students should address interactions between genes in proteins which regulate both the shape and reproduction of DNA molecules. It is important to note that not all segments of DNA are transcribed for proteins. Portions of DNA are involved in regulating the expression of genes or affect the structure of the chromosomes (replication origin, centromeres, and telomeres).

How Prokaryotic DNA Is Copied

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