Name: ecosystem zones and climate
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:39.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.4.1

What is an Ecosystem?

Ecossistemas são a soma de todas as interações entre bióticos, vivos, e abióticos, não vivos, dentro do meio ambiente, Eles se encaixam em uma de duas categorias gerais, terrestre ou aquática. Os principais tipos de ecossistemas são conhecidos como biomas. Os biomas terrestres, tal como desertos, florestas tropicais, e tundra, são categorizados por dois fatores principais, precipitação anual e temperatura.Dos biomas aquáticos, a água doce é o mais raro, como lagos, rios, riachos e as nascentes representam menos de 2%da superfície da Terra. Mesmo assim, esses ecossistemas são compostos de uma grande diversidade de animais e plantas. Os biomas oceânicos, que compõem 75%da superfície da Terra incluem o raso, a superfície aberta do oceano e oceano profundo.Os rasos sustentam a maior parte da diversidade do oceano em ecossistemas de recifes de corais. A superfície do oceano aberto suporta muitos dos organismos fotossintéticos da Terra e até mesmo o oceano profundo contém uma série de organismos, embora a luz seja incapaz de penetrar.

Murphy, Brett P., Alan N. Andersen e Catherine L. Parr. "A biodiversidade subestimada dos biomas de gramíneas tropicais." Transações Filosóficas da Royal Society B: Ciências Biológicas 371, nº 1703 (19 de setembro de 2016). [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978875/" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

Haddad, Nick M., Lars A. Brudvig, Jean Clobert, Kendi F. Davies, Andrew Gonzalez, Robert D. Holt, Thomas E. Lovejoy, et al. "Fragmentação de habitat e seu impacto duradouro nos ecossistemas da Terra." Science Advances 1, nº 2 (1º de março de 2015): e1500052. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500052" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

o que é um ecossistema?

<h4>Visão Geral</h4>
 
 Um ecossistema é a interação entre todos os fatores abióticos e bióticos em um ambiente e pode ser classificado como terrestre ou aquático. Os ecossistemas terrestres são categorizados com base no clima, incluindo temperatura anual, chuvas e sazonalidade. Os ecossistemas aquáticos são ainda mais separados em água doce e salgada, e depois por profundidade, o que influencia a temperatura da água e a quantidade de luz solar que penetra na água.
 
 <h4>Ecossistemas Terrestres</h4>
 
 Os ecossistemas terrestres são classificados em biomas, caracterizados tanto pelo clima do meio ambiente como pelos tipos de organismos que ali vivem. Regiões próximas do equador da Terra que exibem altas temperaturas assazonais e altas quantidades de chuvas anuais são florestas tropicais e abrigam alguns dos mais diversos habitats do mundo. Ecossistemas com altas temperaturas, mas com poucas chuvas anuais são desertos. Embora os ecossistemas desérticos compartilhem essas características, a sua biodiversidade pode variar imenso.
 
 Do outro lado do espectro, o ecossistema com temperaturas anuais muito baixas e poucas chuvas anuais é o bioma ártico. Esse ecossistema tem a menor biodiversidade. Entre esses três grandes biomas estão os ecossistemas sazonais de tundra, pastagem temperada e savana. Esses ecossistemas apresentam mudanças anuais oscilatórias tanto na temperatura como nas chuvas e abrigam animais e plantas especificamente adaptados a essas mudanças sazonais.
 
 <h4>Ecossistemas de Água Doce</h4>
 
 Os ecossistemas aquáticos são divididos em duas categorias: ambientes de água doce e de água salgada. Os ecossistemas de água doce—os mais raros dos ecossistemas compondo cerca de 2% da superfície da Terra—incluem lagos, rios, riachos e pantanais. Os principais fatores que influenciam a biodiversidade dentro desses ecossistemas são o fluxo de água, temperatura e profundidade.
 
 A zona rasa perto das bordas de lagoas e lagos é chamada de zona litoral. A zona litoral é a área mais quente do corpo de água e inclui muitos produtores aquáticos, consumidores e animais que têm estilos de vida terrestres e aquáticos. A zona limnética, ou a superfície das águas profundas, é bem iluminada e é dominada por plâncton. A zona profunda, ou águas profundas, consiste principalmente de organismos que comem organismos mortos e não se fotossintetizam, uma vez que pouca luz penetra a profundidade.
 
 Em riachos e rios, a água flui rapidamente, reciclando oxigénio e mantendo também a água relativamente fria. A diversidade de espécies está relacionada com largura e profundidade do rio, com secções maiores do rio sendo mais diversas do que as secções mais estreitas. Por fim, os pantanais são regiões de águas paradas rasas como pântanos, charcos e lamaçais, e são caracterizados por ambientes muitas vezes quentes e húmidos. Esses ecossistemas têm a maior biodiversidade de todos os ecossistemas de água doce, incluindo uma variedade de plantas, animais, fungos e vida bacteriana.
 
 <h4>Ecossistemas Marinhos</h4>
 
 Os ecossistemas marinhos—os mais comuns, constituindo quase 75% da superfície da Terra—são diferentes dos ecossistemas de água doce devido à alta salinidade da água. Eles também são separados com base na profundidade da água: oceano raso, águas profundas do oceano e superfície profunda do oceano. Os mais diversos desses ecossistemas são as águas rasas, que abrigam a maior parte dos recifes de corais do mundo e vida marinha associada. Além do oceano raso, a superfície profunda do oceano também abriga uma variedade de vida marinha—devido à quantidade de luz solar que penetra—incluindo plâncton, que realiza cerca de 40% de toda a fotossíntese na Terra.
 
 Devido às quantidades mínimas de luz que penetram nas profundezas da água, o ecossistema profundo do oceano contém um conjunto menos diversificado, mas muitas vezes incomum, de organismos adaptados à escuridão e altas pressões. Este ecossistema também é o menos conhecido de todos os ecossistemas devido à vasta quantidade de espaço que cobre. No entanto, os cientistas são agora capazes de explorar essa fronteira devido a novas tecnologias, como o veículo Alvin, ocupado por humanos. Atualmente, este veículo permite que os investigadores tenham acesso a 2/3 do fundo do oceano até 4.500 metros de profundidade.
 
 <h4>Dinâmica dos Ecossistemas</h4>
 
 Independentemente das características do ecossistema específico, todos compartilham os mesmos processos dinâmicos de transformação de energia e matéria por meio da fotossíntese e das relações alimentares entre os organismos. Os ecossistemas são alimentados por um fluxo constante de energia solar que flui através do ecossistema enquanto a matéria é reciclada.

O que é um Ecossistema?

Visão geral

Um ecossistema é a interação entre todos os fatores abióticos e bióticos em um ambiente e pode ser classificado como terrestre ou aquático. ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Biologia

Ecology

Ecologia

Ecosystems

Ecossistemas

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

ecosystem zones and climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water.

Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual rainfall, so they support some of the most diverse habitats on Earth. Deserts also have high temperatures, but they receive too little rainfall, so their biodiversity can vary widely. At the other end, the arctic biome has very low temperatures and low rainfall, and it has the lowest biodiversity.

Between these major biomes are tundra, temperate grassland, and savanna ecosystems. These areas show yearly changes in temperature and rainfall. The plants and animals there are adapted to those seasonal shifts.

Freshwater ecosystems are the rarest ecosystems and cover about 2% of Earth’s surface. They include lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. Water flow, temperature, and depth shape the biodiversity in these systems.

In ponds and lakes, the littoral zone is the shallow edge. It is the warmest part of the water body and contains many producers, consumers, and animals that live both on land and in water. The limnetic zone is the deep-water surface and gets enough light for plankton. The profundal zone is deeper water, where little light reaches and organisms often feed on dead matter rather than photosynthesize.

Streams and rivers move quickly. This flow adds oxygen to the water and helps keep it cool. Biodiversity also depends on river width and depth, and larger sections are usually more diverse than narrow ones. Wetlands are shallow areas of standing water, such as marshes, swamps, and bogs. They are often hot and moist and have the highest biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, with many plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Marine ecosystems are the most common and cover almost 75% of Earth’s surface. They differ from freshwater ecosystems because of high salinity. Marine systems are also divided by depth into shallow ocean, deep ocean surface, and deep ocean water. Shallow water is the most diverse and includes most coral reefs and their associated marine life.

The deep ocean surface still receives enough sunlight to support many organisms, including plankton. Plankton carries out around 40% of all photosynthesis on Earth. In the deep ocean, light is limited, so the ecosystem has fewer species, but many are unusual and adapted to darkness and high pressure. It is also the least known ecosystem because it covers such a large area. New tools, such as the human occupied vehicle Alvin, now let scientists explore this frontier and reach about 2/3 of the ocean floor down to 4,500 m.

All ecosystems share the movement of energy and matter through photosynthesis and feeding relationships. Solar energy enters the ecosystem and moves through living things. Matter is recycled as organisms interact and feed.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how climate, depth, and sunlight shape terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, from rainforests to the deep ocean.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

A coleção JoVE Core dá vida à biologia através de mais de 300 vídeos de animação concisos e fáceis de entender que explicam conceitos-chave de biologia, além de mais de 150 vídeos de Cientistas em ação que mostram experimentos reais em pesquisa realizados nos laboratórios atualmente.

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.N

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-7

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

HS-LS2-6

Environmental Science

Resources And Resource Management

HS-EVS1-1

Environmental Awareness And Protection

HS-EVS2-3

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

BIO.8.c

ES.8

ES.8.b

ES.8.d

ES.10

ES.10.a

LS.5

LS.5.b

LS.7

LS.7.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.19

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.6

Unity and Diversity

9-12.EVS.2.3

9-12.EVS.3.4

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-6

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.3

SC.912.E.7.4

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.7

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.B

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS3-1.

E-ESS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SEV1.

SEV1.b

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-2.

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.d

Oceanography

SO3.

SO3.2

SO3.3

SEC1.

SEC1.a

SB5.c

myJoVE Corporation

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Topographic Surveying and Contours

Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is ...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Conditions on Early Earth

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

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