Name: nitrogen in soil and living things
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 49 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Nitrogen Cycle

O ciclo do nitrogénio envolve o movimento de átomos de nitrogénio entre os componentes bióticos e abióticos no ecossistema. A maior parte do nitrogénio do ecossistema é armazenado na atmosfera como um gás N2, mas apenas as bactérias possuem as enzimas necessárias para converter o gás nitrogénio numa forma utilizável por outros organismos, um termo chamada de fixação de nitrogénio. Portanto, o nitrogénio é um nutriente muito limitado no ecossistema.Uma vez que as bactérias no solo convertem o gás em amónia, as plantas podem então converter o nitrogénio em proteínas, DNA, e outras moléculas orgânicas, que são consumidas por herbívoros e quebradas em aminoácidos. Estes podem ser remontados em proteínas utilizáveis para crescimento e desenvolvimento, e para nutrição para consumidores. Simultaneamente, os herbívoros e os consumidores estão devolvendo algum nitrogénio de volta para o solo como produtos residuais.Organismos mortos e resíduos de produtos contêm nitrogénio na forma de proteína, ureia e ácido úrico. Decompositores, como bactérias e fungos, podem quebrar essas moléculas, liberando amónia de volta ao solo, que pode ser absorvida pelas plantas ou convertida em nitratos por bactérias nitrificantes. Esses nitratos também podem ser absorvidos pelas plantas, ou na ausência de oxigénio, serem convertidos em gás nitrogénio por bactérias desnitrificantes.Os humanos também fornecem nitrogénio ao ecossistema através do uso de fertilizantes agrícolas. No entanto, quando usado no tempo errado ou em grandes quantidades, o excesso de nitrogénio pode fluir em ecossistemas aquáticos e aumentar o crescimento de bactérias, algas e plantas aquáticas, um processo denominado eutrofização.

"Fontes de nitrogênio e ciclagem no ecossistema e seu papel na poluição do ar, da água e do solo: uma revisão crítica." Jornal de Efeitos e Controle da Poluição 03, nº 02 (2015). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.4172/2375-4397.1000136" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

o ciclo do nitrogénio

Os átomos de nitrogénio, presentes em todas as proteínas e DNA, são reciclados entre componentes abióticos e bióticos do ecossistema. No entanto, a forma primária de nitrogénio na Terra é o gás nitrogénio, que não pode ser usado pela maioria dos animais e plantas. Assim, o gás nitrogénio deve primeiro ser convertido em uma forma utilizável por bactérias fixadoras de nitrogénio antes de poder entrar no seu ciclo através de outros organismos vivos. O uso de fertilizantes contendo nitrogénio e resíduos animais na agricultura humana influenciou muito o ciclo natural do nitrogénio.
 
 <h4>Ciclo Biológico do Nitrogénio</h4>
 
 Cerca de 78% do ar que respiramos é gás nitrogénio. No entanto, nesta forma, N2, poucos organismos são capazes de o usar. o nitrogénio compõe moléculas essenciais em todos os organismos, como proteínas e DNA. Incapazes de usar a forma atmosférica do nitrogénio, a maioria dos organismos usa os subprodutos de procariotas fixadores de nitrogénio e nitrificantes. A fixação do nitrogénio converte gás nitrogénio (N2) em amoníaco (NH3), enquanto que a nitrificação converte NH3 em nitritos (NO2-) e nitratos (NO3-). As plantas podem usar diretamente o amoníaco e os nitratos, e organismos que comem plantas obtêm nitrogénio ingerindo as plantas. Quando esses organismos morrem, as bactérias no solo são capazes de converter o nitrogénio orgânico em amoníaco em um processo chamado amonificação. Através da desnitrificação, as bactérias aeróbicas podem converter amoníaco em gás nitrogénio que é libertado de volta para a atmosfera, completando o ciclo.
 
 <h4>Reservatórios de Nitrogénio</h4>
 
 O reservatório primário para armazenamento de nitrogénio a longo prazo é o gás nitrogénio na atmosfera. No entanto, há outros reservatórios de nitrogénio mais pequenos no ecossistema. O nitrogénio pode ser contido por períodos relativamente longos de tempo em pântanos, sedimentos marinhos e rochas sedimentares. No entanto, como os compostos de nitrogénio são muito solúveis em água, o intemperamento das rochas sedimentares pode libertar nitrogénio de volta ao ecossistema.
 
 <h4>Impactos Humanos no Ciclo do Nitrogénio</h4>
 
 Como o nitrogénio é frequentemente um fator limitante para o crescimento das plantas em ambientes naturais, os agricultores adicionam nitrogénio ao solo como fertilizante para aumentar a produção agrícola. O escoamento agrícola em ecossistemas aquáticos pode resultar em eutrofização e crescimento rápido não natural de espécies de algas tóxicas. A criação de um grande número de animais também pode aumentar a quantidade de resíduos nítricos no solo e nas fontes de água locais.

O Ciclo do Nitrogénio

Os átomos de nitrogênio, presentes em todas as proteínas e DNA, são reciclados entre os componentes abióticos e bióticos do ecossistema. No entanto, a forma primária de ...

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Ecosystems

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

nitrogen in soil and living things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs.

About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3). Nitrification then changes ammonia into nitrites (NO2-) and nitrates (NO3-). Plants can use ammonia and nitrates directly. Plant-eating organisms get nitrogen by eating plants.

When organisms die, soil bacteria break down organic nitrogen and convert it into ammonia. This process is called ammonification. Aerobic bacteria can then carry out denitrification and convert ammonia into nitrogen gas that returns to the atmosphere. That return of nitrogen gas completes the cycle.

The main long-term reservoir for nitrogen is nitrogen gas in the atmosphere. Smaller nitrogen sinks also store nitrogen for long periods. These include swamps, marine sediments, and sedimentary rock. Because nitrogen compounds dissolve easily in water, weathering of sedimentary rock can release nitrogen back into the ecosystem.

Human activity can change the nitrogen cycle. Farmers add nitrogen to soil as fertilizer because nitrogen is often a limiting factor for plant growth in natural environments. This can increase agricultural yield. However, runoff from farms can enter aquatic ecosystems and cause eutrophication, which leads to unnaturally rapid growth of toxic algae species. Large numbers of livestock can also increase the amount of nitric waste in soil and local water sources.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

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Follow nitrogen as it moves from air to soil, plants, and animals, and see how bacteria, fertilizers, and runoff shape the cycle in ecosystems.

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What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

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LS.Bio.5.1

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

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