Name: phosphorus movement in soil and water
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:40.000Z
Duration: 1 min 21 s
Channel: JoVE

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Biology

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Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.4.1

The Phosphorus Cycle

No ciclo fosforoso, átomos de fósforo existem principalmente em rochas, não em estado gasoso. Quando a rocha sofre erosão, o fósforo é liberado e é dissolvido em córregos, lagos e águas subterrâneas. Plantas e algas usam estes fosfatos inorgânicos livres no solo ou água para produzir moléculas orgânicas.Então, ao consumir as plantas, heterotróficos tocam em estoques de fósforo para construir seus próprios compostos. Quando os organismos morrem, os decompositores se quebram as moléculas de fósforo e liberam fosfato inorgânico para ser usado novamente por plantas e algas, um processo denominado mineralização de fosfato. Enquanto o ciclo dos fosfatos é rápido por meio de organismos na cadeia alimentar, eles têm um tempo de residência mais longo na água.Os iões de fosfato dissolvidos reagem para formar compostos insolúveis que precipitam no oceano e se tornam sedimentos, então rochas, e, como resultado da elevação tectónica, eventualmente retornam ao ambiente. No entanto, uma vez que a quantidade de fósforo é limitada no ambiente, deve ser fornecida para as plantas de cultivo agrícola como fertilizante para obter o rendimento máximo. O excesso de fósforo torna-se escoamento em ecossistemas aquáticos, resultando em uma variedade de problemas ambientais como o florescimento de algas.

Watson, Andrew J., Timothy M. Lenton e Benjamin J. W. Mills. "Desoxigenação do oceano, o ciclo global do fósforo e a possibilidade de anóxia oceânica em grande escala causada pelo homem." Transações filosóficas. Série A, Ciências Matemáticas, Físicas e de Engenharia 375, nº 2102 (13 de setembro de 2017). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2016.0318" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

White, Angelicque e Sonya Dyhrman. "O Ciclo do Fósforo Marinho." Fronteiras em Microbiologia 4 (21 de maio de 2013). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00105" target="__blank">Fonte</a>]

o ciclo do fósforo

Ao contrário do carbono, da água e do nitrogénio, o fósforo não está presente na atmosfera como um gás. Em vez disso, a maior parte do fósforo no ecossistema existe como compostos, como iões fosfato (PO43-), encontrados no solo, água, sedimentos e rochas. O fósforo é muitas vezes um nutriente limitante (ou seja, em escassez). Consequentemente, o fósforo é adicionado à maioria dos fertilizantes agrícolas, o que pode causar problemas ambientais relacionados ao escoamento em ecossistemas aquáticos.
 
 <h4>Ciclo Biológico do Fósforo</h4>
 
 O fósforo está presente em muitas estruturas biológicas importantes, como DNA, membranas celulares, ossos e dentes. Não está presente na atmosfera na forma gasosa, mas é encontrada em minerais, sedimentos, cinzas vulcânicas e aerossóis. À medida que rochas e sedimentos intemperam ao longo do tempo, eles libertam fosfato inorgânico, que atinge gradualmente o solo e a água superficial. As plantas absorvem e incorporam esses fosfatos em moléculas orgânicas. Os animais obtêm e incorporam fosfatos consumindo plantas e outros animais. Quando plantas e animais morrem ou excretam resíduos, fosfatos orgânicos retornam ao solo e são quebrados por bactérias—em um processo chamado mineralização de fosfato—em formas inorgânicas que podem ser novamente usadas pelas plantas.
 
 <h4>Ciclo Geoquímico do Fósforo</h4>
 
 O escoamento natural pode transportar fosfatos para rios, lagos e oceanos, onde podem ser ingeridos por organismos aquáticos. Quando organismos aquáticos morrem ou excretam resíduos, compostos contendo fósforo podem depositar-se no fundo do oceano e eventualmente formar camadas sedimentares. Ao longo de milhares de anos, a elevação geológica pode devolver rochas contendo fósforo do oceano para a terra.
 
 <h4>Impactos Humanos no Ciclo do Fósforo</h4>
 
 Assim como o nitrogénio, o fósforo é frequentemente um fator limitante no crescimento das plantas em ambientes naturais, o que levou à prática agrícola de adicionar fósforo aos fertilizantes, a fim de aumentar a produção agrícola. No entanto, o escoamento agrícola dessa prática pode estimular o rápido crescimento dos produtores aquáticos, causando uma variedade de problemas ambientais.

O Ciclo do Fósforo

Ao contrário do carbono, da água e do nitrogênio, o fósforo não está presente na atmosfera como um gás. Em vez disso, a maior parte do fósforo no ecossistema existe como compostos, ...

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phosphorus movement in soil and water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments.

Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then moves into soil and surface water.

Plants absorb phosphate and build it into organic molecules. Animals get phosphorus by eating plants and other animals. When plants and animals die or excrete waste, organic phosphates return to the soil. Bacteria break them down through phosphate mineralization and convert them back into inorganic forms that plants can use again.

Runoff can carry phosphates into rivers, lakes, and the ocean. Aquatic organisms can take in this phosphorus. When they die or excrete waste, phosphorus-containing compounds may sink to the ocean floor and form sediment layers. Over thousands of years, geological uplift can bring phosphorus-rich rocks back onto land.

Human activity also affects the phosphorus cycle. Farmers add phosphorus to fertilizers because it can limit plant growth and crop yield. But fertilizer runoff can reach aquatic ecosystems. There, it can trigger rapid growth of aquatic producers and create environmental problems.

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

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Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

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GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

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Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

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Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

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Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

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Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

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Explore how phosphorus moves from rocks to soil, plants, animals, and water, and how fertilizer runoff can disrupt aquatic ecosystems.

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The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

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Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

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Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

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