Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.1.1

Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Um elemento é uma substância pura que contém apenas um tipo de átomo. Atualmente, foram descobertos 118 elementos, que ocorrem na natureza ou são sintetizados num laboratório. Os elementos variam muito na sua abundância.Os elementos mais abundantes na crosta terrestre são o oxigênio, o silício, o alumínio, o ferro e o cálcio. Em comparação, a atmosfera da Terra é maioritariamente constituída por nitrogênio e oxigénio. Na tabela periódica, cada quadrado contém, no mínimo, um número atómico e um símbolo químico.Um símbolo químico é uma abreviatura de uma ou duas letras dada a um elemento. A primeira letra é em letra maiúscula e a segunda, se necessário, é em letra minúscula de forma a evitar a confusão com compostos que contenham dois elementos. Muitas vezes, este símbolo é a primeira letra ou letras do nome em inglês do elemento.No entanto, alguns símbolos são de origem grega, latina ou alemã. Podem ser acrescentados mais detalhes a um símbolo químico. O número atómico, que é também o número de prótons, está representado na posição à esquerda.Este número é sempre o mesmo para um dado elemento e às vezes é omitido, uma vez que não se altera. O número da massa o número dos prótons mais os nêutrons é indicado na posição à esquerda. Este número define o isótopo específico de um elemento, tal como o carbono-12 ou o carbono-13.Um isótopo é uma variação de um elemento onde o número de nêutrons no núcleo varia, mas o número de prótons também o número atómico é o mesmo. Isto origina diferentes massas atômicas, mas não afeta a carga do átomo. Por exemplo, o hidrogênio elementar tem três isótopos que ocorrem naturalmente:A forma mais abundante não contém nêutrons;a segunda é o deutério, que contém um nêutron;e a terceira é o trítio, que contém dois nêutrons.Enquanto o átomo de hidrogênio padrão e o deutério são estáveis em condições naturais outros isótopos, tais como o trítio, decompõem-se noutras substâncias através da emissão de energia. Estes são conhecidos como isótopos radioativos.

<ol>
	<li>Pothoof, Justin, Grace Nguyen, Dawn Archey, E. Prasad Venugopal e Mark A. Benvenuto. "Elemento 118: Ensinando um Novo Elemento para Novos Alunos." Em Elementos Antigos e Novos: Descobertas, Desenvolvimentos, Desafios e Implicações Ambientais, pp. 195-201. Sociedade Americana de Química, 2017.</li>
	<li>Krebs, Robert E. A história e o uso dos elementos químicos da Terra: um guia de referência. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.</li>
	<li>Clayton, Donald. Manual de isótopos no cosmos: Hidrogênio em gálio. Vol. 1. Imprensa da Universidade de Cambridge, 2003.</li>
</ol>

elementos: símbolos químicos e isótopos

Um símbolo químico é uma abreviatura utilizada para indicar um elemento ou um átomo de um elemento. Por exemplo, o símbolo do mercúrio é Hg. O mesmo símbolo é usado para indicar um átomo de mercúrio (domínio microscópico) ou para rotular um recipiente de muitos átomos do elemento mercúrio (domínio macroscópico).

Alguns símbolos são derivados do nome comum Inglês do elemento; outros são abreviações do nome em outra língua — Latim, Grego ou Alemão. Por exemplo, o símbolo para o alumínio (nome comum) é Al, enquanto que para o ferro é Fe, que deriva do seu nome em Latim “Ferrum”. A maioria dos símbolos tem uma ou duas letras, mas símbolos de três letras foram usados para descrever alguns elementos que têm números atómicos maiores que 112. Para evitar confusões com outras notações, apenas a primeira letra de um símbolo é maiúscula. Por exemplo, Co é o símbolo do elemento cobalto, mas CO é a notação para o composto monóxido de carbono, que contém átomos dos elementos carbono (C) e oxigénio (O).

Tradicionalmente, quem descobre um novo elemento dá nome ao elemento. No entanto, até que o nome seja reconhecido pela União Internacional de Química Pura e Aplicada (IUPAC), o nome recomendado para o novo elemento baseia-se na(s) palavra(s) em Latim para o seu número atómico. Por exemplo, o elemento 106 foi chamado de unnilhexium (Unh), o elemento 107 foi chamado de unnilseptium (Uns), e o elemento 108 foi chamado de unniloctium (Uno) por vários anos. Estes elementos são agora nomeados a partir de cientistas (ou ocasionalmente locais); por exemplo, o elemento 106 é agora conhecido como seaborgium (SG) em honra de Glenn Seaborg, um vencedor do Prémio Nobel que foi activo na descoberta de vários elementos pesados. 

Cada quadrado da tabela periódica contém, no mínimo, um número atómico — que é também o número de protões — e um símbolo químico. 

No caso de um isótopo, o número de massa ou a soma dos protões e neutrões é indicado juntamente com o símbolo e o número atómico. O número de massa define o isótopo específico de um elemento. Por exemplo, estes são os dois isótopos do azoto:

<img alt="Eq1" src="https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png" style="height: 25px;" />

O símbolo de um isótopo específico de qualquer elemento é escrito colocando o número de massa como um sobrescrito à esquerda do símbolo do elemento. Como o número atómico define a identidade do elemento, assim como o seu símbolo, ele é muitas vezes omitido. Por exemplo, o magnésio existe como uma mistura de três isótopos, cada um com um número atómico de 12 e com números de massa de 24, 25 e 26, respectivamente. Estes isótopos podem ser identificados como 24Mg, 25Mg, e 26Mg. Estes símbolos isotópicos são lidos como “elemento, número de massa” e podem ser simbolizados de forma consistente com esta leitura. Por exemplo, 24Mg é lido como “magnésio 24” e pode ser escrito como “magnésio-24” ou “Mg-24”. 25Mg é lido como “magnésio 25”, e pode ser escrito como “magnésio-25” ou “Mg-25”. Todos os átomos de magnésio têm 12 protões no seu núcleo. Diferem apenas porque um átomo de 24Mg tem 12 neutrões no seu núcleo, um átomo de 25Mg tem 13 neutrões, e um de 26Mg tem 14 neutrões.

Note-se que, para além dos nomes e símbolos padrão, os isótopos do hidrogénio são frequentemente referidos utilizando nomes comuns e símbolos que os acompanham. O hidrogénio-2, simbolizado como 2H, também é chamado de deutério e às vezes simbolizado como D. hidrogénio-3, simbolizado como 3H, também é chamado de trítio e às vezes simbolizado como T.

Texto adaptado de <a href="https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism">Openstax Chemistry 2e, Section 2.3: Atomic Structure and Symbolism.</a>

Elementos: Símbolos Químicos e Isótopos

Um símbolo químico é uma abreviatura usada para indicar um elemento ou um átomo de um elemento. Por exemplo, o símbolo do mercúrio é Hg. O mesmo símbolo é ...

Education

JoVE Core

Química

Atoms and Elements

Átomos e Elementos

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

reading-element-symbols-and-isotope-notation

the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

Dalton’s atomic theory explains matter with atoms, elements, and compounds. It also shows how chemical changes follow simple laws. This idea gave chemistry a microscopic model for what can be seen in the lab. The earliest recorded ideas about matter came from ancient Greek philosophers. Leucippus and Democritus said all matter was made of tiny, finite particles called atomos, meaning “indivisible.” Aristotle and others later argued that matter was made from four elements: fire, earth, air, and...

subatomic particles

Atomic Structure: Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons

Atomic structure is built from three subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. Atoms make up all matter, and these particles explain an atom’s mass and charge. The electron was first identified at the end of the 19th century by J.J. Thomson. He used a cathode ray tube, a sealed glass tube with almost all the air removed and two metal electrodes. When high voltage was applied, a visible beam called a cathode ray formed. The beam bent toward positive charge and away from negative...

elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

ions and ionic charges

Predicting Ion Charges on the Periodic Table

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Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation | JoVE K12

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JoVE Core - Química dá vida a conceitos gerais de química usando vídeos de animação fáceis de entender. Além disso, nos vídeos Cientistas em ação, demonstramos experimentos de pesquisa clássicos e originais realizados atualmente por cientistas em laboratórios em todo o mundo.

Physical Science

PS.PSc.1.1

PS.PSc.1.5

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Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Study Of Matter

Classification of matter

Atoms

Structure And Properties Of Matter

Quantifying matter

Physical Geology

Minerals

Atoms and elements

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

CH.2

CH.2.a

PS.4

PS.4.a

PS.4.b

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Earth Systems Science

112.49.c.7.

112.49.c.7.A.

Arizona Science Standards

HS.P1

HS.P1U1.1

HS+C.P1

HS+C.P1U1.1

CHEM.6

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Alabama Course of Study Science

Matter and Its Interactions

9-12.C.1.1.a

9-12.C.1.1.b

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HS-PS1-2

HS-PS1-7

Earth and Space Science

Earth’s Place in the Universe

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Florida Department of Education

SC.912.P.8

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Chemistry and Physics

IPC.7

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Georgia Standards of Excellence

SC1.

Isotopes and Atomic Mass

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PS.Chm.1.3

Periodic Classification of the Elements

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	...

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PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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