Name: cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:29:33.000Z
Duration: 1 min 24 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.5

Cytoplasm

Nas células eucarióticas, o citoplasma é a área entre a membrana plasmática e o envelope nuclear.
Como as células procarióticas não possuem núcleo, o citoplasma se refere a tudo o que está dentro da membrana plasmática.
Em ambos os tipos de células, o espaço citoplasmático é preenchido por uma matriz semelhante a um gel chamada citosol.
O citosol é uma solução aquosa que contém muitos íons solúveis, pequenas moléculas e macromoléculas.
O citoplasma das células eucarióticas também inclui numerosas organelas ligadas à membrana que desempenham funções celulares especializadas, como as mitocôndrias, o retículo endoplasmático e o aparelho de Golgi.
Uma estrutura de fibras proteicas presentes no citoplasma – o citoesqueleto, dá à célula sua forma e estrutura. Também ajuda no transporte intracelular e na motilidade celular.
Além disso, muitas funções celulares não organelas, como a síntese de proteínas, também ocorrem no citoplasma. A natureza aquosa do citoplasma facilita o dobramento de proteínas, repelindo grupos laterais de aminoácidos hidrofóbicos para o núcleo da proteína.
Algumas células também armazenam produtos metabólicos insolúveis, como glicogênio, em seu citoplasma na forma de inclusões.

citoplasma

O citoplasma consiste em organelas e um conjunto de estruturas de proteínas chamado citoesqueleto, suspenso em uma solução aquosa, o citosol. O citosol é um caldo rico em água, íons, sais e várias moléculas orgânicas. Dobramento e Dobramento Incorreto de proteínas O citoplasma é o local de vários processos celulares, incluindo a síntese e o dobramento de proteínas. A natureza aquosa do citosol promove o dobramento da proteína, de modo que as cadeias laterais de aminoácidos hidrofóbicos ficam enterradas no núcleo da proteína, enquanto os aminoácidos hidrofílicos ficam voltados para o citosol. No entanto, os estresses celulares, como o envelhecimento e as alterações no pH, na temperatura ou na osmolaridade, podem causar o dobramento incorreto da proteína. As proteínas mal dobradas podem se acumular no citoplasma e formar agregados de proteínas insolúveis. Esses agregados estão envolvidos em distúrbios neurodegenerativos, como o mal de Alzheimer e o mal de Parkinson. Composição e função do citoesqueleto O citoesqueleto eucariótico consiste em três tipos de proteínas filamentosas: microtúbulos, microfilamentos e filamentos intermediários. Os microtúbulos, o maior tipo de filamento, são formados pela proteína tubulina. Eles são estruturas dinâmicas que podem crescer ou encolher com a adição ou remoção de moléculas de tubulina das extremidades de seus filamentos. Eles proporcionam estabilidade estrutural à célula e atuam como trilhas para o transporte de proteínas, vesículas e determinadas organelas dentro da célula. Além disso, os microtúbulos desempenham um papel fundamental na divisão celular, fornecendo uma estrutura que guia os cromossomos para as extremidades opostas da célula. Os microfilamentos, ou filamentos de actina, são filamentos citoesqueléticos menores, compostos por uma proteína chamada actina. As proteínas de actina podem se montar e desmontar rapidamente para formar filamentos. Portanto, elas permitem a motilidade em organismos unicelulares, como amebas, ou a migração de glóbulos brancos para locais de infecção. Nas células musculares esqueléticas, os filamentos de actina deslizam ao longo dos filamentos de miosina para mediar a contração muscular. Os filamentos intermediários não são tão dinâmicos quanto os microtúbulos ou os filamentos de actina. Entretanto, assim como os outros dois tipos de filamentos, eles também fornecem suporte estrutural à célula. Os filamentos intermediários são compostos de diferentes tipos de proteínas com base no tipo específico de célula. Por exemplo, os filamentos intermediários do cabelo e das unhas contém queratina, enquanto nas células musculares esses filamentos são feitos de desmina.

Citoplasma

O citoplasma consiste em organelas e uma estrutura de andaimes de proteínas chamada citoesqueleto suspenso em uma solução aquosa, o citosol. O...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia Celular

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Cells, Genomes, and Evolution

Células, Genomas e Evolução

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

cytoplasm and the cell’s internal support

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities.

The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while hydrophilic amino acids face the cytosol.

Cell stress can disrupt this process. Changes in pH, temperature, osmolarity, or aging can cause proteins to misfold. These misfolded proteins may collect in the cytoplasm and form insoluble aggregates. Such aggregates are linked to neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease.

The cytoskeleton is the protein framework inside the cytoplasm. It includes three filament types: microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments. Microtubules are the largest and are built from tubulin. They can grow or shrink by adding or removing tubulin at their ends. They help give the cell structural stability and serve as tracks for moving proteins, vesicles, and some organelles. They also help guide chromosomes to opposite ends of the cell during cell division.

Microfilaments, also called actin filaments, are smaller and are made of actin. They can assemble and disassemble quickly. This rapid change helps amoeba move and helps white blood cells migrate to infection sites. In skeletal muscle cells, actin filaments slide along myosin filaments to drive muscle contraction.

Intermediate filaments are less dynamic than microtubules or actin filaments, but they still provide support. They are made of different proteins depending on the cell type. In hair and nails, intermediate filaments contain keratin. In muscle cells, they are made of desmins.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

what are cells?

Cells as the Building Blocks of Life

Cells are the basic building blocks of life. A bacterium can be a single cell, while a human is made of trillions of cells. Even with this range, cells share key features that support life. A living cell has a plasma membrane. This is a bilayer of lipids that separates the cytoplasm inside the cell from the outside environment. A cell also carries genetic information in the form of DNA. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

the tree of life - bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

Three Domains on the Tree of Life

The tree of life shows how living things are grouped into three domains: Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes. This classification helps explain the major branches of life and how they are related. Bacteria and Archaea are both single-celled organisms, but they are not the same. Eukaryotes include organisms with more complex cells, such as plants, animals, and fungi. Together, these three domains give a broad picture of life on Earth. Understanding the tree of life helps students compare cell...

prokaryotic cells

How Prokaryotes Survive Without a Nucleus

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that live without a nucleus. They include the domains Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include common microbes such as Salmonella and E. coli, while Archaea include extremophiles that live in harsh places like volcanic springs. Prokaryotic cells still share several basic features with eukaryotic cells. They have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and genetic material in the form of single, circular DNA. Their cell parts float freely in the...

eukaryotic compartmentalization

How Organelles Keep Cells Working

Eukaryotic cells keep their organelles separate so each part can do a specific job. Organelles such as the nucleus and mitochondria are surrounded by membranes. These membranes are selectively permeable, which means they control what enters and leaves. That control creates small internal environments with conditions suited to each organelle. These controlled spaces help organelles work more efficiently. In animal cells, lysosomes keep an acidic environment that helps their enzymes digest...

eukaryotic evolution

How Eukaryotic Cells Became Complex

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animal and plant cell structure

Plant vs Animal Cell Division and Specialization

Plant and animal cells differ in how they divide, organize into tissues, and specialize for different jobs. Both cell types divide by mitosis in non-gametic cells and by meiosis in gametic cells, but the details are not the same. These differences help explain how each cell type supports growth and reproduction. During cell division, animal cells use centrosomes to organize spindle fibers and separate chromosomes. Plant cells do not have centrosomes. Instead, they use a microtubule-organizing...

cytoplasm

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. This fluid helps keep the cell organized and supports many cellular activities. The cytoplasm is also where protein synthesis and protein folding take place. The watery cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. In a folded protein, hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to stay buried in the core, while...

the nucleus

Nuclear DNA, Chromatin, and Nucleoli

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that stores chromosomal DNA and helps control what proteins a eukaryotic cell makes. It acts as the cell’s control center. DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts is different because it mainly supports functions specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This DNA-protein complex is called chromatin. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged so the DNA is easy...

the dna helix

How DNA Structure Was Discovered

DNA is the genetic material that passes traits from one generation to the next in organisms and most viruses. It is made of two strands of nucleotides that twist into a spring-like double helix. The shape is not perfectly even. It also has repeating grooves called the major groove and the minor groove. The major groove forms where the sugar-phosphate backbones are farther apart. This wider space gives DNA-binding proteins, including transcription factors, better access to the bases. The minor...

the central dogma

DNA to Protein: RNA’s Role

DNA to protein flow depends on RNA as the link between genetic information and the amino acids that build proteins. Early scientists knew that DNA stores the information for cell functions and that proteins carry out most of those functions. For a long time, they did not know how the code in DNA became a working protein. At first, many people thought one gene was changed directly into its protein. Two findings in eukaryotic cells challenged that idea. Protein production does not happen in the...

mutations

Mutations in DNA and Inherited Disease

Mutations are changes in the DNA sequence. They can happen on their own during DNA copying, or they can be caused by environmental factors. Scientists describe mutations in several ways, including whether they change the amino acid sequence of a protein, how much DNA they affect, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells. Some mutations are point mutations. A point mutation changes a single nucleotide in DNA. Other mutations are chromosomal alterations, which change the number...

genome size and the evolution of new genes

genome-size-and-the-evolution-of-new-genes

Genome Size and Gene Evolution

Genome size and gene evolution are linked through changes in DNA sequence and genome structure. Some genes can arise from parts of the genome that were not coding before, while others come from changes to existing genes. These shifts help explain how new genetic material can appear over time. A genome is the full set of DNA in an organism. Its size can change as DNA is added, removed, or rearranged. The transcript highlights that genome size is not fixed, and that these changes can shape the...

gene families

Shared Origins of Gene Families

Gene families are groups of related genes that share a common origin. They form when genes are copied and then change over time. These related genes can be found within the same genome. The video also connects gene families to homologous genes and orthologous genes. Homologous genes are genes with a shared evolutionary origin. Orthologous genes are homologous genes found in different species. Gene families help show how these relationships are used to study evolution and related gene functions.

gene evolution - fast or slow?

Gene Evolution Rates and Selection

Gene evolution can happen at different rates, and natural selection helps shape those changes. Some genes change slowly because important DNA changes are removed over time. Other genes can change more quickly when different mutations are kept in a population. The rate of evolution depends on how a gene is used and how strongly it is affected by selection. Genes with essential jobs often stay more similar across species. Genes under weaker pressure may show more variation and may evolve faster.<br...

types of genetic transfer between organisms

types-of-genetic-transfer-between-organisms

Vertical and Horizontal Gene Transfer

Genetic transfer between organisms happens in two main ways: vertical gene transfer and horizontal gene transfer. These two routes explain how hereditary material moves from one generation to the next or between organisms that are not parent and offspring. Vertical gene transfer passes genes from parent to offspring during reproduction. This is the usual way genetic information is inherited in living things. Horizontal gene transfer moves genetic material between organisms outside of...

key terms and concepts

Learn how the cytoplasm, cytosol, and cytoskeleton support cell structure, protein folding, transport, cell division, movement, and muscle contraction.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core - Biologia Celular ilustra processos celulares complexos em vídeos de animação fáceis de entender e, ao mesmo tempo, abrangentes. Esta coleção foca nos componentes e funções essenciais das células, incluindo organelas e membranas, transporte celular e energia celular. É complementado por vídeos de Cientistas em ação que demonstram a aplicação da biologia celular em experimentos de pesquisa do mundo real.

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

heredity-inheritance-and-variation-of-traits

Heredity: Inheritance And Variation Of Traits

HS-LS3-1

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
Organisms contain a wide variety of organic molecules with numerous functions which depend on the chemical structures and properties of these ...

Solution Preparation
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Identifying Macromolecules with Indicator Solutions
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pH Regulation in Cells

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Chemistry of the Cell

Overview of Functional Groups

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Introduction to Carbohydrates

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Carbohydrate Metabolism

Sugars as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Lipids?

lipid-derived-compounds-in-the-human-body

Lipid-derived Compounds in the Human Body

Fats and lipids are crucial components in the human body. Some lipid-derived compounds, such as fat-soluble vitamins, eicosanoids, lipoproteins, and ...

Fats as Energy Storage Molecules

What are Proteins?

Protein Organization

Globular Proteins

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Fibrous Proteins

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Protein Denaturation

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Role of Proteins in the Human Body

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Nucleic Acids and Nucleotides

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Nucleic Acid Structure

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

Introduction to Enzymes

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Enzymes and Activation Energy

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Turnover Number and Catalytic Efficiency

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Catalytically Perfect Enzymes

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introduction-to-mechanisms-of-enzyme-catalysis

Introduction to Mechanisms of Enzyme Catalysis

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Ligand Binding and Linkage

Cooperative Allosteric Transitions

Ribozymes

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LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

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Cell Size

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Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

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Prokaryotic Cells

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The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
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Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

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Microtubules

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The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

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Types of Intermediate Filaments

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Gap Junctions

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The Extracellular Matrix

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Tissues

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Plant Cell Wall

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Plasmodesmata

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Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

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Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

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Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

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The Central Dogma

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Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Support

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