Name: membrane-spanning helices and β-barrels
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T10:41:44.000Z
Duration: 1 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Alabama Course of Study Science

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.4.a

multi-pass-transmembrane-proteins-and-barrels

Multi-pass Transmembrane Proteins and &#946;-barrels

Em proteínas de membrana de múltiplas passagens, a interação entre múltiplos domínios transmembranares determina sua estrutura e função.
Os receptores acoplados à proteína G são a maior família de proteínas de membrana. Eles contêm sete alfa-hélices transmembranares que atuam para transmitir sinais entre os ambientes extracelular e intracelular da célula.
Em contraste, muitas proteínas de membrana formadoras de canais, como as porinas, contêm várias fitas beta da proteína. Estes formam ligações de hidrogênio para formar uma folha beta cilíndrica contínua, criando uma estrutura rígida em forma de anel chamada barril beta.
Os aminoácidos nos fios alternam entre resíduos polares e apolares. Grupos apolares apontam para fora do barril e interagem com a membrana hidrofóbica.
As cadeias laterais polares orientam-se para a abertura hidrofílica interna, que forma um canal do espaço extracelular para o intracelular, permitindo a passagem de pequenos solutos polares.

proteínas transmembranares de passagem múltipla e barril β

Nas proteínas transmembranares de múltiplas passagens, a cadeia polipeptídica atravessa a membrana mais de uma vez. A cadeia polipeptídica transmembranar forma uma estrutura de hélice α ou de cadeia β. As proteínas transmembranares de passagem múltipla contendo α-hélice são onipresentes, enquanto as contendo fita β são encontradas principalmente em bactérias gram-negativas, mitocôndrias e cloroplastos. α-Hélice contendo proteínas transmembrana de múltiplas passagens Proteínas transmembranares de múltiplas passagens, como receptores ligados à proteína G (GPCRs) e bacteriorodopsina, contêm múltiplos domínios transmembranares. Todos os GPCRs possuem sete hélices α transmembranares, mas cada receptor possui seu domínio extracelular específico e sítio de ligação à proteína G. Os GPCRs ligam-se a um ligante e ativam uma proteína de membrana chamada proteína G. A proteína G ativada interage então com um canal iônico ou com uma enzima na membrana. A bacteriorrodopsina encontrada em certas bactérias fotossintéticas possui sete hélices α transmembranares. Ela é uma bomba de prótons acionada por luz que ajuda na produção de ATP, gerando um gradiente de prótons através da membrana. Fitas beta contendo proteínas transmembranares de múltiplas passagens Algumas proteínas da membrana bacteriana contêm fitas β transmembranares, que estão dispostas em uma estrutura semelhante a um anel chamada barril β. Um mínimo de oito cadeias β são necessárias para formar a estrutura em forma de barril, onde as bordas das duas cadeias β estreitamente espaçadas formam ligações de hidrogênio entre si. A proteína porina observada na membrana de algumas bactérias gram-negativas contém um barril β transmembrana. Além das bactérias, as proteínas porinas também são encontradas nas membranas mitocondriais e dos cloroplastos, o que apoia a hipótese de que tanto as mitocôndrias quanto o cloroplasto evoluíram de procariontes. Some part of this text is adapted from Openstax, Biology 2e, <a href="https://openstax.org/books/biology-2e/pages/9-1-signaling-molecules-and-cellular-receptors">Section 9.1: Signaling Molecules and Cellular Receptors</a>.

Proteínas Transmembranares de Passagem Múltipla e Barril β

Em proteínas transmembranares de múltiplas passagens, a cadeia polipeptídica atravessa a membrana mais de uma vez. A cadeia polipeptídica transmembrana forma um ...

Education

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Biologia Celular

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Membrane Structure and Components

Estrutura e Componentes da Membrana

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

membrane-spanning helices and β-barrels

Membrane-spanning proteins can cross the cell membrane more than once. Their transmembrane chain usually folds into either an alpha-helix or a beta-strand. Alpha-helix multi-pass proteins are common, while beta-strand proteins are found mainly in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts.

Some multi-pass alpha-helix proteins are G-protein-linked receptors, or GPCRs, and bacteriorhodopsin. GPCRs have seven transmembrane alpha-helices. Each receptor also has its own extracellular domain and G-protein-binding site. They bind a ligand and activate a membrane protein called a G-protein, which then interacts with either an ion channel or an enzyme in the membrane.

Bacteriorhodopsin is found in certain photosynthetic bacteria. It also has seven transmembrane alpha-helices. This protein acts as a light-driven proton pump. By building a proton gradient across the membrane, it helps drive ATP production.

Some bacterial membrane proteins use transmembrane beta-strands instead of helices. These beta-strands arrange into a ring-shaped structure called a beta-barrel. At least eight beta-strands are needed to form this barrel-like shape. The edges of two closely spaced beta-strands form hydrogen bonds with each other.

Porin is a well-known beta-barrel protein found in the membranes of some gram-negative bacteria. Porin proteins are also found in mitochondrial and chloroplast membranes. This distribution supports the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotes.

Membrane-Spanning Helices and β-Barrels

membrane-spanning-helices-and-beta-barrels

what are membranes?

Membrane Receptors and Cell Signals

The plasma membrane sets the outer boundary of a cell and helps control how the cell interacts with its environment. It lets some substances enter, keeps others out, and releases some materials in controlled amounts. The membrane also needs to stay flexible so cells such as red and white blood cells can change shape as they move through narrow capillaries. The membrane surface also carries markers that help cells recognize one another. This recognition is important during early development,...

membrane fluidity

How Cell Membranes Stay Flexible

Cell membranes stay flexible because of the fluid mosaic model. The plasma membrane is a mosaic of phospholipids, cholesterol, proteins, and carbohydrates. These parts are separate but loosely attached, so the membrane keeps a fluid character. The membrane is still fairly rigid, but it can flow and self-seal after a very fine needle passes through it. Phospholipid tails also affect membrane fluidity. Saturated fatty acids in phospholipids have straight tails because they are packed with...

fluid mosaic model

Fluid Mosaic Model of the Membrane

The fluid mosaic model explains the structure and function of the plasma membrane. Scientists first identified the plasma membrane in the 1890s, and by 1915 they had identified its main chemical parts: lipids and proteins. Early electron micrographs showed a railroad track pattern, which helped lead to the first widely accepted membrane model in 1935.

membrane lipids

Membrane Lipids in Cells and Tissues

Membrane lipids give biological membranes their structure and help set their properties. In mammalian cells, lipids make up about 50% of the membrane on average. The amount can be much lower in the inner mitochondrial membrane or much higher in the myelin sheath around nerve cells. Several phospholipids are common in mammalian membranes. These include phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, and sphingomyelin. At physiological pH, phosphatidylserine carries a negative...

asymmetric lipid bilayer

Membrane Lipid Unevenness

Biological membranes have an uneven mix of lipids between the inner and outer layers. This membrane asymmetry gives each side a different chemical makeup and supports different cell functions. Evidence for this uneven layout came from treating an erythrocyte membrane with phospholipase. Phospholipase is an enzyme that breaks lipids into fatty acids and hydrophilic groups. It acted only on the outer layer, while the inner layer stayed intact. The treatment degraded about 80% of total membrane...

membrane asymmetry regulating transporters

membrane-asymmetry-regulating-transporters

Membrane Lipid Flipping and Transport

Membrane lipid flipping and transport help cells keep an uneven, or asymmetric, distribution of phospholipids across the membrane. This balance is controlled by flippase, floppase, and scramblase enzymes, which move lipids between the two membrane leaflets. Flippases move specific phospholipids from the outer leaflet to the inner leaflet. In eukaryotes, these enzymes are type-IV P-type ATPases, also called P4-ATPases. They are membrane pumps that use ATP and contain one transmembrane domain...

membrane carbohydrates

Membrane Sugars and Cell Identity

Membrane carbohydrates help give cells their surface identity and support plasma membrane function. The plasma membrane is a dynamic barrier made of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. These sugar chains have unique structural and chemical traits that help the membrane work properly for cell growth and survival. Membrane carbohydrates do not have a hydrophobic region, so they are found only on the outer surface of the cell. Sugar addition, or glycosylation, of proteins occurs in the lumens of...

membrane proteins

Facilitated Transport Across Cell Membranes

Facilitated transport uses membrane proteins to help materials cross the plasma membrane. These integral transmembrane proteins act as channels or carriers. They move selected substances through the membrane more easily than the lipid layer alone would allow. Channel proteins provide a hydrophilic, or water-friendly, path through the membrane. Their core forms a hydrated opening that lets solutes pass between the inside and outside fluids of the cell. This helps polar compounds avoid the...

lipids as anchors

Lipid Anchors in Membrane Proteins

Lipid anchors help attach proteins to the plasma membrane. In eukaryotic cells, the main lipid anchors are prenyl groups, fatty acyl groups, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol, or GPI, groups. Prenyl and fatty acyl groups anchor proteins on the cytosolic side of the membrane. GPI anchors proteins on the extracellular side. Prenylated proteins often have a CaaX motif at the carboxy terminus. In this sequence, C means cysteine, a means any aliphatic amino acid, and X means any other amino acid...

single-pass transmembrane proteins

How Membrane Proteins Span Cell Membranes

Membrane proteins help cells communicate, send signals, stick to other cells, and move molecules across the membrane. Integral membrane proteins are tightly linked to the cell membrane and carry out these jobs. Some integral membrane proteins sit only in one membrane layer. Fatty acid amide hydrolase is one example, and it is found on the cytoplasmic side of the membrane monolayer. Other integral membrane proteins are transmembrane proteins, which span across the membrane. These proteins have...

multi-pass transmembrane proteins and &#946;-barrels

Membrane-spanning proteins can cross the cell membrane more than once. Their transmembrane chain usually folds into either an alpha-helix or a beta-strand. Alpha-helix multi-pass proteins are common, while beta-strand proteins are found mainly in gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. Some multi-pass alpha-helix proteins are G-protein-linked receptors, or GPCRs, and bacteriorhodopsin. GPCRs have seven transmembrane alpha-helices. Each receptor also has its own extracellular...

detergent purification of membrane proteins

detergent-purification-of-membrane-proteins

How Detergents Solubilize Membrane Proteins

Detergents help solubilize membrane proteins so they can be purified from the lipid bilayer. Their hydrophobic region can replace membrane phospholipids and keep integral membrane proteins in solution. A detergent works well only when its monomers reach the critical micelle concentration, or CMC. At that point, the molecules assemble into micelles, which are small clusters of detergent. Above the CMC, free detergent monomers stay in equilibrium with the micelles. The CMC varies with the...

protein diffusion in the membrane

How Membrane Proteins Move Side to Side

Membrane proteins can move across the cell surface by lateral diffusion, and they can also rotate in place. Scientists confirmed lateral movement with a cell fusion experiment. Mouse and human cells were fused to make hybrid cells. The membrane proteins on the two cells were tagged with red and green fluorescent markers. At first, each color stayed on its own side of the fused cell. After 40 minutes, the colors mixed across the whole cell surface, showing that the proteins had moved laterally. <br...

membrane domains

Lipid Rafts and Sperm Membrane Regions

Membrane domains organize specific lipids and proteins in defined parts of a cell membrane. This arrangement supports cell signaling, adhesion, and other important cellular processes. These domains can vary in size, composition, function, and how long they last. Some membrane domains are built from proteins. The membrane can contain distinct protein groups that carry out a cell’s specific functions. A clear example is the plasma membrane of a human sperm cell, which has different proteins in...

mechanisms of membrane domain formation

How Cell Membranes Form Domains

Cell membranes form domains when lipids and proteins gather into distinct regions. These regions, or membrane domains, are shaped by different physical properties that help some molecules stay together while others move apart. Some domains form through protein-protein interactions. Others depend on specific lipids, such as sphingolipids and sterols. Large proteins, including bacteriorhodopsin, can also cluster and create visible membrane domains. Membrane proteins can be held in place by...

mechanisms of membrane-bending

How Proteins Shape Cell Membranes

Cell membranes can bend into many shapes because they are flexible and made of a fluid mosaic. That bending can be temporary, as in vesicles, or long-lasting, as in microvilli. Cells control the size, place, and time of membrane curvature. Membrane bending can start inside the membrane itself or from proteins attaching to it. Changes in lipid makeup can create curvature, and proteins can help by making the membrane asymmetric or by clustering certain lipids. The shape of integral proteins also...

key terms and concepts

Explore how multi-pass transmembrane proteins form alpha-helices or beta-barrels, with examples such as GPCRs, bacteriorhodopsin, and porins.

Membrane-Spanning Helices and β-Barrels | JoVE K12

cell biology

JoVE Core - Biologia Celular ilustra processos celulares complexos em vídeos de animação fáceis de entender e, ao mesmo tempo, abrangentes. Esta coleção foca nos componentes e funções essenciais das células, incluindo organelas e membranas, transporte celular e energia celular. É complementado por vídeos de Cientistas em ação que demonstram a aplicação da biologia celular em experimentos de pesquisa do mundo real.

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The Nucleus

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1. Engage in evidence-based argument to relate a cell's function to the structure, function, and diversity of its components. Examples: Muscle cells have a large number of mitochondria, which create energy for contraction in the form of ATP. Some plant cells have a large vacuole which is used for storage and transport of excess nutrients in changing environments.

9-12.B.1.1

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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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Transcription Elongation Factors

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Pre-mRNA Processing: RNA Splicing

Chromatin Structure and RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA Splicing

Nuclear Export of mRNA

Transfer RNA Synthesis

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

The Nucleolus

Additional Subnuclear Structures

Translation

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Termination of Translation

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Nonsense-mediated mRNA Decay

The Eukaryotic Promoter Region

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Co-activators and Co-repressors

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Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

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Cis-regulatory Sequences

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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9-12.B.1.2

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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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a. Use a model to describe the structure and sequence of DNA, including nucleotide structure, base pairing, and the structure of the helix.

9-12.B.1.2.a

Membrane-Spanning Helices and β-Barrels

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