Name: cell signaling pathways and responses
Uploaded: 2023-06-23T15:38:45.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-2.

Overview of Cell Signaling

As células usam uma variedade de mecanismos de sinalização para coordenar os processos celulares e se comunicar com outras células. Uma via de sinalização é iniciada quando uma molécula de sinalização chamada ligante se liga ao seu receptor-alvo.
A sinalização parácrina ocorre quando um ligante secretado tem como alvo as células vizinhas. Considerando que, a sinalização autócrina ocorre quando o ligante tem como alvo a mesma célula que o liberou.
Em uma via de sinalização justacrina ou dependente de contato, um ligante permanece ligado à superfície celular e interage diretamente com os receptores nas células adjacentes. Pequenos ligantes solúveis também podem fluir diretamente entre as células através de junções comunicantes na membrana plasmática.
Organismos multicelulares coordenam o comportamento celular a longas distâncias. Na sinalização endócrina, os hormônios viajam para diferentes partes do corpo através da corrente sanguínea.
A sinalização sináptica entre neurônios é uma forma especializada de sinalização de longo alcance. Na junção sináptica, o terminal axônico de um neurônio secreta ligantes chamados neurotransmissores para se comunicar com as células-alvo.
Além disso, a detecção de quorum é realizada por algumas comunidades bacterianas para reagir juntas, detectando uma concentração crítica de ligantes de sinalização.

visão geral do sinalização celular

Apesar da membrana protetora que separa uma célula do ambiente, as células precisam da capacidade de detectar e responder às mudanças ambientais. Além disso, as células muitas vezes precisam se comunicar umas com as outras. Organismos unicelulares e multicelulares usam uma variedade de mecanismos de sinalização celular para se comunicarem com o meio ambiente. As células respondem a muitos tipos de informação, muitas vezes através de proteínas receptoras posicionadas na membrana. Por exemplo, as células da pele respondem e transmitem informações táteis, enquanto os fotorreceptores na retina podem detectar a luz. A maioria das células, entretanto, evoluiu para responder a sinais químicos, incluindo hormônios, neurotransmissores e muitos outros tipos de moléculas sinalizadoras. As células podem até coordenar diferentes respostas provocadas pela mesma molécula sinalizadora. Normalmente, a sinalização celular envolve três etapas: (1) recepção, (2) transdução e (3) resposta. Na maior parte da recepção de sinais, uma molécula, ou ligante, impermeável à membrana causa uma alteração em um receptor de membrana; entretanto, algumas moléculas sinalizadoras, como os hormônios, podem atravessar a membrana para alcançar seus receptores internos. O receptor de membrana pode então enviar este sinal para mensageiros intracelulares, transduzindo a mensagem em uma resposta celular. Esta resposta intracelular pode incluir alterações na transcrição, tradução, ativação de proteínas e outras respostas. Organismos unicelulares, como bactérias, podem usar um tipo de sinalização celular chamada detecção de quorum para detectar sua concentração em uma colônia e gerar respostas coordenadas. As células eucarióticas podem liberar ligantes que têm como alvo a mesma célula que produziu o sinal (sinalização autócrina) ou células vizinhas (sinalização parácrina). Os sinais podem até ser enviados por longas distâncias, como no caso de alguns hormônios, e produzir respostas em células distantes, o que é chamado de sinalização endócrina. A sinalização dependente de contato descreve vias físicas criadas entre células vizinhas através das quais os sinais citoplasmáticos podem passar rapidamente. As células do sistema nervoso podem gerar respostas rápidas através de uma especialização de sinalização celular chamada sinalização sináptica.

Visão Geral do Sinalização Celular

Apesar da membrana protetora que separa uma célula do ambiente, as células precisam da capacidade de detectar e responder às mudanças ambientais. ...

Education

JoVE Core

Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomia e Fisiologia

Unit 1

Unidade 1

Essential Cellular Processes

Processos Celulares Essenciais

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

TERMOS-CHAVE E CONCEITOS

cell signaling pathways and responses

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell.

A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process.

Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes the signal along until the cell produces a response. That response may change how the cell behaves or how it functions.

Cell signaling is an important part of cell biology because it lets cells coordinate activities and respond to their environment. Understanding these pathways helps explain how cells communicate and why receptor-based signaling matters.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

the central dogma

Central Dogma: DNA to Protein

The central dogma explains how genetic information flows in cells from DNA to RNA to protein. It is a core idea in molecular biology and helps show how genes influence cell function. DNA stores the instructions. During transcription, a cell copies a gene into RNA, which is a related nucleic acid. That RNA message can then be used in translation to build a protein. Proteins carry out many jobs in cells and help determine traits. The central dogma links the genetic code in DNA to the molecules...

replication in eukaryotes

Eukaryotic DNA Copying at the Replication Fork

Eukaryotic DNA copying happens at replication forks, where the two DNA strands separate and new strands are built. This process lets a cell make an exact copy of its genetic material before it divides. The transcript explains that eukaryotic replication follows the same basic steps seen in other DNA replication systems, but it takes place in cells with a nucleus. The replication machinery works on each separated strand as a template, so the new DNA matches the original sequence. This topic is...

types of rna

RNA Types in Gene Expression

RNA types play different roles in gene expression. RNA, or ribonucleic acid, helps carry and use genetic information in cells. The main types discussed here are messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA. Messenger RNA, or mRNA, carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome. The ribosome is the site where proteins are made. Ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, is a key part of the ribosome itself. Transfer RNA, or tRNA, brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome during protein building. These...

transcription

Transcription and RNA Synthesis

Transcription is the process of making RNA from a DNA template. It is a key step in gene expression, because cells use the DNA sequence to build an RNA copy that can carry the message forward. During transcription, RNA polymerase binds to DNA and reads one strand as the template. The enzyme links RNA nucleotides together in the correct order to form a growing RNA molecule. This copying step does not make DNA; it produces RNA. The transcript focuses on the central idea of transcription as DNA...

translation

Translation: mRNA to Protein

Translation is the step in gene expression where ribosomes use messenger RNA, or mRNA, to build a protein. The mRNA sequence carries the instructions copied from DNA. During translation, those instructions are read in order so the cell can make a specific chain of amino acids. This process depends on the ribosome and transfer RNA, or tRNA. The ribosome reads the mRNA, and tRNA brings the matching amino acids. As the chain grows, the amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide, which...

regulation of expression at multiple steps

regulation-of-expression-at-multiple-steps

How Cells Control Gene Expression

Cells control gene expression at several stages, from making RNA to building protein. These checkpoints include transcription, RNA processing, RNA localization, and translation. Together, they help decide when a gene is used and whether a protein is made. Transcription is controlled by regulatory proteins. Transcription factors, activators, and repressors can start or slow the transcription of genes. After transcription, the cell makes a precursor RNA, also called pre-mRNA. Pre-mRNA must be...

what is the cell cycle?

Cell Cycle Stages in Cell Growth

The cell cycle is the process that controls cell growth and division. It explains how one cell makes two new cells. This process helps cells grow and reproduce.

interphase

Interphase and Cell Growth

Interphase is the part of the cell cycle when a cell grows and prepares to divide. It is a major stage of the cell cycle, and it comes before cell division begins. During interphase, the cell carries out its normal functions. It also copies its DNA so each new cell can receive a full set of genetic material. The cell may also build up the materials it needs for division. Interphase is not a single step. It includes phases such as G1, S, and G2, which help the cell grow, copy DNA, and get...

mitosis and cytokinesis

Cell Division: Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cell division depends on mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis is the stage when the cell’s nucleus divides and the copied chromosomes are separated into two sets. Cytokinesis is the step that follows and splits the cell into two daughter cells. These two processes work together to make sure each new cell receives genetic material and its own cytoplasm. Mitosis keeps the chromosome sets organized, while cytokinesis finishes the division of the whole cell. Together, they create two separate cells...

the cell cycle control system

Cell Cycle Checkpoints and Cyclin Control

The cell cycle is controlled by checkpoints that help a cell move from one phase to the next and begin mitosis. This control system uses internal regulatory molecules and outside signals to send stop or advance instructions. It makes sure each step is finished before the cell moves forward. Cyclins and cyclin-dependent kinases, or Cdks, are the main regulators of the cell cycle. They act during the G1, G2, and M phases. These regulators work at specific checkpoints to keep cell division...

molecular factors affecting cell division

molecular-factors-affecting-cell-division

Cell Cycle Regulators That Control Division

Cell division is controlled by outside signals and by internal cell cycle regulators. Nearby cell death can encourage division, and human growth hormone (hGH) can also promote it. In contrast, too little hGH or crowded cells can slow or stop division. Inside the cell, regulator molecules help each stage finish correctly before the next stage begins. Some regulators act directly on the cycle, while others affect the activity or production of other regulatory proteins. These molecules can either...

what is meiosis?

Meiosis and the Formation of Gametes

Meiosis is the cell division process that forms gametes, or sex cells. It reduces the chromosome number so offspring can inherit the correct amount of genetic material. This process includes two successive divisions. First, one cell divides, and then the resulting cells divide again. These steps separate the genetic material in a controlled way. Meiosis helps explain how sexual reproduction passes traits from one generation to the next. It is a key topic in high school biology because it...

overview of cell signaling

Cell signaling pathways and responses help cells communicate and react to changes. Cells send signals to one another, and those signals can trigger a specific response in the target cell. A signal usually begins when a signaling molecule reaches a cell with the right receptor, which is a protein that receives the message. The receptor helps the cell recognize the signal and start the communication process. Inside the cell, the message can move through a signaling pathway. This pathway passes...

types of signaling molecules

Chemical Messengers in Cell Signaling

Chemical messengers help cells communicate during signaling. These signaling molecules carry information from one cell to another and guide how cells respond. Some signaling molecules are gases, while others are proteins or peptides. Small lipids can also act as signals. In addition, cells may use steroids, amino acids, and even ions as signaling molecules. Each type of signaling molecule has different properties and works in a different way. Together, these molecules let cells send specific...

g protein-coupled receptors

G Protein-coupled Receptor Signaling

G protein-coupled receptors are a major class of cell-surface receptors. They help cells detect signals outside the cell and pass that information inward. These receptors are important in many kinds of cell communication. When a signal binds to a G protein-coupled receptor, the receptor changes shape. That change activates a G protein inside the cell. The activated G protein can then start a signaling pathway. This signaling system includes the receptor, the G protein, and the downstream...

cellular differentiation

From Stem Cell to Specialized Cells

Cellular differentiation turns unspecialized cells into specialized cells with specific jobs. This process helps a complex organism, such as a human, develop from a single fertilized egg into a body with many cell types. Nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells are examples of the final cell types that appear during development. A zygote is the first cell after fertilization. It is a totipotent stem cell, which means it has very high differentiation potential and can form all cell types...

key terms and concepts

Learn how cells use signaling pathways, receptors, and responses to communicate and react to signals in this concise high school science overview.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses | JoVE K12

anatomy and physiology

O JoVE Core Anatomia e Fisiologia apresenta detalhes anatômicos e fisiológicos do corpo humano em animações  abrangentes, claras e envolventes. Esta coleção de vídeos se concentra nas estruturas, componentes, funções e requisitos do corpo humano. É complementada por vídeos de cientistas em ação que demonstram a aplicação desse conhecimento em instalações médicas e de pesquisa do mundo real.

Characteristics of Life

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Cell Structure

Background
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Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
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Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Visualizing Onion and Human Cells
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What are Cells?

Cell Diversity

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Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

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The Central Dogma

The DNA Helix

Nucleic Acids

DNA as a Genetic Template

Structure of a Gene

A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the ...

Chromosome Structure

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RNA Structure

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Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Translation

Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Protein and Protein Structures

Proteins: From Genes to Degradation

From DNA to Protein

The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of ...

Protein Folding

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An Overview of Gene Expression

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an-introduction-to-caenorhabditis-elegans

An Introduction to Caenorhabditis elegans

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DNA Ligation Reactions

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HS-LS1-1.

Cell Signaling Pathways and Responses

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