33.6
Bats and most birds share the ability to fly by flapping their wings. At first glance, it may seem that these two groups evolved from a common ancestor with wings.
In fact, bats and birds are not closely related, and their last common ancestor was a ground-dwelling animal with four limbs. The evolution of wings is an example of convergent evolution, where similar features evolve independently to perform similar functions.
The ability to fly evolved multiple times. We can see this when we look closely at the structure of wings in birds and bats.
The hand and wrist bones of birds are fused, and feathers create a large surface area that helps generate lift during flight.
Birds keep their hindlimbs tucked under their bodies during flight, which reduces drag.
On the other hand, the finger bones of bats are elongated and support a large membrane of skin that forms the wing. A membrane connecting the hindlimbs and tail also helps with flight control.
Another example of convergent evolution appears in whales and fish.
Whales are warm-blooded mammals that nurse their young and breathe air using lungs, while most fish are cold-blooded animals that lay eggs and use gills for gas exchange.
Life in water placed similar demands on whales and fish. This led to the evolution of similar, or analogous, features. Both groups have fins and streamlined bodies that help them move easily through water.
Whales and fish do not share a recent common ancestor with aquatic body plans, yet they have analogous features with similar functions because of convergent evolution.
A evolução molda as características dos organismos ao longo do tempo, garantindo que eles sejam adequados para os ambientes em que vivem. Às vezes, a pressão da seleção leva ao aparecimento de adaptações semelhantes, mas não relacionadas em organismos sem ancestrais comuns recentes, um processo conhecido como evolução convergente.
As estruturas que surgem da evolução convergente são chamadas estruturas análogas. Elas são semelhantes em função, mesmo que sejam diferentes em estrutura. Além disso, as estruturas podem ser análogas, ao mesmo tempo em que contêm características homólogas - aquelas herdadas de um ancestral comum. Pássaros e morcegos têm asas análogas, mas os ossos dianteiros dentro das suas asas são homólogos, adaptados de um ancestral distante de quatro membros. As asas das borboletas, por outro lado, são análogas às de pássaros e morcegos, mas não são homólogas.
Às vezes é claro quando dois organismos compartilham características como resultado da evolução convergente, como no caso das asas de aves, morcegos e borboletas, mas outras vezes é menos óbvio. Para determinar se as características são análogas e, portanto, o resultado da evolução convergente, ou homólogas e o resultado de ancestralidade compartilhada, os cientistas podem examinar as sequências de DNA dos organismos em questão.
Golfinhos e muitos morcegos usam a ecolocalização para navegar e caçar. Dados de sequenciação de DNA indicaram que o gene Prestin, que codifica uma proteína na cóclea de mamíferos e que se pensa conferir audição de alta frequência, evoluiu de forma convergente entre morcegos menos relacionados e de forma semelhante em golfinhos.
Toxinas e venenos estruturalmente semelhantes em diferentes espécies fornecem outro exemplo onde os dados de sequenciação de DNA são críticos para identificar se uma característica é análoga ou homóloga.
Bats and most birds share the ability to fly by flapping their wings. At first glance, it may seem that these two groups evolved from a common ancestor with wings.
In fact, bats and birds are not closely related, and their last common ancestor was a ground-dwelling animal with four limbs. The evolution of wings is an example of convergent evolution, where similar features evolve independently to perform similar functions.
The ability to fly evolved multiple times. We can see this when we look closely at the structure of wings in birds and bats.
The hand and wrist bones of birds are fused, and feathers create a large surface area that helps generate lift during flight.
Birds keep their hindlimbs tucked under their bodies during flight, which reduces drag.
On the other hand, the finger bones of bats are elongated and support a large membrane of skin that forms the wing. A membrane connecting the hindlimbs and tail also helps with flight control.
Another example of convergent evolution appears in whales and fish.
Whales are warm-blooded mammals that nurse their young and breathe air using lungs, while most fish are cold-blooded animals that lay eggs and use gills for gas exchange.
Life in water placed similar demands on whales and fish. This led to the evolution of similar, or analogous, features. Both groups have fins and streamlined bodies that help them move easily through water.
Whales and fish do not share a recent common ancestor with aquatic body plans, yet they have analogous features with similar functions because of convergent evolution.
From Chapter 33:
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