11.10
A Caixa Torácica: Costelas
As costelas são ossos curvados e achatados que formam a parede da cavidade torácica, em conjunto com os músculos torácicos. Existem 12 pares de costel…
A caixa torácica compreende o esterno, doze pares de costelas e suas cartilagens costais.
Os primeiros sete pares, as costelas verdadeiras ou vertebroesternais, ligam-se diretamente ao esterno através de suas extensões cartilaginosas anteriores ou cartilagens costais.
Os cinco pares restantes, as costelas falsas ou vertebrocondrais, juntam-se às cartilagens costais acima delas ou flutuam livremente com suas cartilagens costais embutidas na parede torácica.
Uma costela típica tem cabeça, pescoço e corpo. Um tubérculo que surge do pescoço curto se une à faceta costal transversal da vértebra de mesmo número.
Em cada costela, a faceta articular da cabeça une as facetas costais de duas vértebras torácicas, a mesma numerada e a que está acima dela.
O corpo tem um sulco costal interno para a passagem dos vasos sanguíneos e nervos. Sua superfície externa se liga aos músculos da cintura pélvica e do tronco.
Os músculos intercostais entre as costelas se contraem e relaxam durante a respiração, alterando a largura e a profundidade da caixa torácica. Isso ajuda a aumentar o volume da cavidade torácica ao inspirar e diminuí-lo ao expirar.
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Q1: What are the main components of a typical rib?
A typical rib has three main parts: the head, neck, and body. The head articulates with costal facets of thoracic vertebrae, while a small bump called the tubercle on the neck joins the transverse process of the same-numbered vertebra. The body, or shaft, contains a costal groove along its inferior margin for blood vessels and nerves to pass through.
Q2: How do true ribs differ from false ribs?
True ribs, ribs 1-7, attach directly to the sternum through their costal cartilages. False ribs, ribs 8-12, attach indirectly to the sternum. Ribs 8-10 connect to the cartilage of the 7th rib, while ribs 11-12, called floating ribs, do not attach to the sternum at all and terminate within the abdominal wall musculature.
Q3: Where do ribs articulate with the vertebral column?
All 12 pairs of ribs articulate posteriorly with thoracic vertebrae T1-T12. The articular facet in each rib's head joins the costal facets of two vertebrae: the same-numbered vertebra and the one above it. The tubercle on the rib's neck articulates with the transverse process of the same-numbered vertebra.
Q4: What is the costal groove and what structures pass through it?
The costal groove is a shallow groove located along the inferior margin of each rib. Blood vessels and nerves pass through this groove, allowing them to travel safely along the rib without obstruction. This anatomical feature protects vital neurovascular structures during respiration and movement.
Q5: How do intercostal muscles affect the thoracic cage during breathing?
Intercostal muscles between the ribs contract and relax during respiration, changing the width and depth of the thoracic cage. When these muscles contract during inhalation, they increase the volume of the thoracic cavity. During exhalation, they relax, decreasing the cavity's volume and facilitating air expulsion.
Q6: What is the angle of the rib and why is it anatomically significant?
The angle of the rib is the point on the rib where it has its highest degree of curvature, located just posterior to the tubercle. The angles of all ribs form the posterior extent of the thoracic cage, providing structural support and defining the cage's posterior boundary.
Q7: How many ribs comprise the thoracic cage and what are they called?
The thoracic cage comprises 12 pairs of ribs along with the sternum and costal cartilages. These ribs are classified as true ribs (1-7), false ribs (8-10), and floating ribs (11-12). Together with thoracic muscles, they form the thoracic cavity wall and are part of the overview of the axial skeleton.