31.5
Estabilidade transitória e controles do sistema
O controle da tensão do gerador é crucial para manter a operação estável de geradores síncronos e turbinas eólicas. Em modelos mais antigos, um gerado…
Em geradores síncronos, o excitador fornece energia CC para o enrolamento de campo do rotor.
Os modelos mais antigos usam um gerador DC acionado por rotor como excitador, enquanto os modernos usam excitadores estáticos ou sem escovas.
Os excitadores estáticos retificam a energia CA dos terminais do gerador ou do barramento e a fornecem ao rotor.
Os excitadores sem escova usam um gerador síncrono invertido, retificando a energia CA dos enrolamentos da armadura para o enrolamento de campo.
Os excitadores tipo 1 têm um gerador CC acionado por eixo e um regulador de tensão que ajusta a corrente de campo com base na tensão terminal.
Em turbinas eólicas, o controle de tensão varia de acordo com o tipo de excitador. O Tipo 1 não possui controle direto, enquanto o Tipo 2 usa controle de resistência para manter a potência constante durante as rajadas de vento.
Os excitadores tipo 3 controlam a potência reativa, mantendo-a constante ou variando com a potência real.
Os diagramas de blocos visualizam o controle de tensão do gerador em programas de estabilidade transitória.
Os excitadores de alto ganho e resposta rápida aumentam a tensão de campo durante curtos-circuitos, melhorando a estabilidade transitória.
As equações do diagrama de blocos calculam a resposta transitória.
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Q1: What is the difference between static and brushless exciters in synchronous generators?
Static exciters rectify AC power from generator terminals or bus and supply DC power directly to the rotor field winding. Brushless exciters use an inverted synchronous generator, rectifying AC power from armature windings via diodes mounted on the rotor, eliminating slip rings and brushes. Both replace older rotor-driven DC generators, improving reliability and reducing maintenance.
Q2: How does a Type 1 exciter control generator terminal voltage?
A Type 1 exciter uses a shaft-driven DC generator with a voltage regulator that measures terminal voltage and compares it to a reference voltage. The voltage error is processed with a gain and time constant, producing a field voltage that adjusts the rotor field current. This feedback mechanism maintains stable terminal voltage output.
Q3: Why do high-gain, fast-responding exciters improve transient stability?
High-gain, fast-responding exciters rapidly increase field voltage during short circuits, strengthening the generator's ability to maintain synchronism. This quick response enhances the simplified synchronous machine model's transient performance by providing immediate reactive power support. Faster exciter response reduces voltage dips and improves overall system stability during disturbances.
Q4: What voltage control methods are used in different wind turbine types?
Type 1 wind turbines use squirrel cage induction machines without direct voltage regulation. Type 2 systems employ wound rotor machines with adjustable external resistance to maintain constant power during wind gusts. Type 3 and Type 4 configurations manage both real and reactive power, providing enhanced control over generator output.
Q5: How do block diagrams represent generator voltage control systems?
Block diagrams visualize the feedback control loop by showing terminal voltage measurement compared against reference voltage, with the error processed through a voltage regulator with gain and time constant parameters. These diagrams compute transient response equations and standardize the representation of exciter and generator dynamics for stability analysis and system design.
Q6: What role does the field winding play in synchronous generator voltage control?
The field winding receives DC power from the exciter, creating the magnetic field that generates terminal voltage. The voltage regulator adjusts field current based on terminal voltage feedback, allowing precise control of generator output. This excitation control is essential for maintaining stable voltage and improving transient stability during system disturbances.
Q7: How does Type 2 wind turbine resistance control maintain power output stability?
Type 2 wind turbines use adjustable external resistance in the rotor circuit of wound rotor induction machines to regulate slip and power output. During wind speed variations, the resistance adjustment maintains consistent power delivery despite changing wind conditions. This resistance control mechanism provides a cost-effective alternative to direct voltage regulation in variable-speed wind turbine systems.