Question 1

Why is fasting important before anesthesia in pigs?

Accepted Answer

Fasting reduces the risk of regurgitation and aspiration during anesthesia. Pigs are typically fasted for 8–12 hours before procedures, though duration varies based on age, health status, procedure type, and institutional protocols. Water is generally available until the procedure unless otherwise specified by institutional guidelines.

Question 2

What are the differences between local and general anesthesia in pigs?

Accepted Answer

Local anesthetics like lidocaine or bupivacaine produce temporary numbness in a specific area and may be used alone or combined with sedation. General anesthesia produces unconsciousness, muscle relaxation, and analgesia for invasive procedures. Because anesthesia and analgesia are distinct processes, analgesics are commonly included for perioperative pain control.

Question 3

How is anesthetic depth assessed during pig surgery?

Accepted Answer

Anesthetic depth is assessed using physiological parameters and clinical indicators including jaw tone, palpebral reflex, eye position, response to stimulation, and voluntary movement. Reduced jaw tone and absent palpebral reflex indicate adequate anesthetic depth. Continuous monitoring ensures the pig maintains appropriate anesthetic levels throughout the procedure.

Question 4

What vital signs should be monitored during anesthesia and recovery?

Accepted Answer

Monitor heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, body temperature, and capillary refill time throughout anesthesia and recovery. Monitoring continues until the pig regains physiological stability with acceptable cardiovascular, respiratory, oxygenation, and temperature parameters in accordance with veterinary and institutional protocols.

Question 5

Why is endotracheal intubation preferred over face masks for prolonged pig procedures?

Accepted Answer

Endotracheal intubation provides a secure airway and controlled anesthetic delivery, making it ideal for prolonged procedures. The endotracheal tube is inserted into the trachea and connected to an anesthetic machine that delivers a mixture of gaseous anesthetic agent and oxygen for controlled anesthesia and respiratory support.

Question 6

What pre-anesthetic preparations protect pig welfare during surgery?

Accepted Answer

Pre-anesthetic sedatives and analgesics are administered to ease handling and reduce stress. Pigs are placed on a temperature-regulated warming pad to prevent hypothermia, and ophthalmic lubricant protects the cornea from drying due to reduced blink reflexes. These measures support animal welfare and promote reliable surgical outcomes.

Question 7

How do pigs compare to other animal models in biomedical research?

Accepted Answer

Pigs are commonly used in biomedical and surgical research because of their anatomical and physiological similarities to humans. This makes them valuable for studying surgical techniques and physiological responses. All procedures must follow institutional animal ethics guidelines, IACUC approval, and the principles of the 3Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement.

Anestesia e Monitorização num Modelo de Porco

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