Name: tms reveals brain response to watching movement
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:50:00.000Z
Duration: 14 min 35 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

HS-PS4-5.

using-tms-to-measure-motor-excitability-during-action-observation

Using TMS to Measure Motor Excitability During Action Observation

1. Наберите 20 участников. 
<ol>
	<li>Участники должны быть правшами и не иметь в анамнезе неврологических или психологических расстройств. </li>
	<li>Участники должны иметь нормальное или скорректированное до нормального зрение, чтобы гарантировать, что они смогут правильно видеть визуальные стимулы. </li>
</ol>
2. Процедуры перед экспериментом
<ol>
	<li>Получите письменное согласие участника и объясните, что включает в себя эксперимент. </li>
	<li>Объясните, что участник будет смотреть серию коротких видеороликов, в то время как импульсы ТМС будут доставляться в его мозг. Испытуемый может испытывать легкое постукивание по голове от катушки ТМС, но большого дискомфорта, связанного с участием, быть не должно. </li>
</ol>
3. Подготовьте тему для TMS. 
<ol>
	<li>Усадите испытуемого в удобное кресло перед экраном компьютера. Их локоть должен быть согнут под углом 90º, а кисть должна удобно лежать. </li>
	<li>Используйте подбородок, чтобы зафиксировать движение головы, следя за тем, чтобы глаза объекта находились примерно в 50 см от экрана компьютера. </li>
	<li>Подготовьте кожу руки к установке электродов ЭМГ путем очистки спиртом. </li>
	<li>Поместите два электрода ЭМГ на первую-дорсальную межкостную мышцу (FDI) правой руки.
	<ol>
		<li>Определите пиковое место мышечного напряжения, попросив участника напрячь мышцу FDI и поместить первый электрод в это место. </li>
		<li>Поместите второй электрод сравнения на ближайшую кость кисти. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Подключите электроды ЭМГ к компьютеру, который оцифровывает, усиливает, фильтрует и отображает сигнал. </li>
</ol>
4. Локализация и калибровка TMS. 
<ol>
	<li>Проинструктируйте участников расслабить руку, чтобы не было мышечного напряжения. </li>
	<li>Используйте катушку TMS в виде цифры 8 для определения местоположения первичной моторной коры.
	<ol>
		<li>Приложите спираль к контралатеральной (левой) поверхности головы на передней части волосистой части головы. </li>
		<li>Подавайте серию отдельных импульсов ТМС, систематически перемещая местоположение катушки до тех пор, пока в мышце FDI не станут заметны подергивания, а записанные MEP не станут стабильными и надежными. Интенсивность стимуляции может быть скорректирована по мере необходимости во время этой фазы, чтобы помочь в определении местоположения горячей точки. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Определите двигательный порог субъекта.
	<ol>
		<li>Найдите минимальную выходную мощность стимулятора, которая дает MEP более 50 мкВ при 5 из 10 стимуляций. Запишите это значение. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Измерьте амплитуду MEP в состоянии покоя.
	<ol>
		<li>Подайте серию из 10 импульсов TMS, каждый из которых разделен 15 с, при отсутствии какого-либо стимула для измерения базовой амплитуды MEP. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
5. Экспериментальная задача
<ol>
	<li>Воспроизводите серию 5-х секундных видеостимулов, по одному.
	<ol>
		<li>Существует три вида видео: наблюдение за движениями рук, наблюдение за движениями рук и контроль.
		<ol>
			<li>На контрольных видео чашка представлена на столе, а рядом лежит правая рука. Никакого движения не производится. </li>
			<li>В видеороликах с действиями рук правая рука тянется и захватывает чашку. Это действие включает в себя сокращение мышц FDI. </li>
			<li>В видеороликах с действиями руки правая рука тянется, поднимается и перемещается по области. При этом не выполняется хватательное действие, и поэтому мышцы FDI не задействованы. </li>
		</ol>
		</li>
		<li>Воспроизведите каждое видео 10 раз, с 15 секундами отдыха после каждого из них, всего 30 видео. Воспроизводите видео в случайном порядке. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Во время видео подайте импульс ТМС на 120% от порога мотора.
	<ol>
		<li>Засекайте пульс так, чтобы он совпадал с действием на видео. Чтобы этого добиться, импульс должен произойти через 2 с после начала видео. </li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
6. Анализируйте данные. 
<ol>
	<li>Для каждого MEP рассчитайте амплитуду от размаха до пика. </li>
	<li>Откажитесь от МЭП, которые возникают либо до стимуляции ТМС, либо более чем через 100 мс после стимуляции, чтобы удалить ложные спайки. </li>
	<li>Для каждого субъекта рассчитайте среднюю амплитуду MEP для исходного уровня, наблюдения за действием и условий контроля. </li>
	<li>Проведите дисперсионный анализ (ANOVA) на групповых данных, чтобы проверить гипотезу о том, что наблюдение за действием влияет на амплитуду MEP. </li>
</ol>

Методика одноимпульсной ТМС хорошо поддается изучению моторной коры головного мозга как из-за доступного расположения этой коры на лобной поверхности мозга, так и из-за непосредственно наблюдаемой реакции, продуцируемой в мышце в виде МЭП. Измерение кортико-спинальной моторной возбудимости обеспечило дальнейшую поддержку феномена моторного моделирования во время наблюдения за действиями у людей. Эта резонансная двигательная активность может иметь последствия для социального поведения, например, способствуя процессу поним...

Использование ТМС для измерения возбудимости моторики во время наблюдения за действием

Источник: Лаборатории Йонаса Т. Каплана и Сары И. Гимбел — Университет Южной Калифорнии
Транскраниальная магнитная стимуляция (ТМС) — это неинвазивный метод стимуляции мозга, который включает в себя пропускание тока через изолированную катушку, прижатую к коже головы. Кратковременное магнитное поле создается током в катушке, и из-за физического процесса индукции это приводит к возникновению тока в близлежащей нервной ткани. В зависимости от продолжительности, частоты и величины этих магнитных импульсов, лежащие в основе нейронные цепи могут быть затронуты различными способами. Здесь мы демонстрируем технику одноимпульсной ТМС, при которой один короткий магнитный импульс используется для стимуляции неокортекса. 
Одним из наблюдаемых эффектов ТМС является то, что она может вызывать мышечные подергивания при воздействии на моторную кору. Благодаря соматотопической организации моторной коры головного мозга в зависимости от точного расположения катушки можно воздействовать на различные мышцы. Электрические сигналы, вызывающие эти мышечные подергивания, называемые моторными вызванными потенциалами или MEP, могут быть записаны и количественно оценены электродами, размещенными на коже над целевой мышцей. Амплитуда MEP может быть интерпретирована как отражение основной возбудимости моторной коры; Например, когда моторная кора активируется, наблюдаемые МЭП становятся больше. 
В этом эксперименте, основанном на исследовании, первоначально проведенном Фадигой и его коллегами1 и с тех пор повторенном многими другими2), мы используем одноимпульсную ТМС для проверки возбудимости моторной коры головного мозга во время наблюдения за действием. Известно, что моторная кора может активироваться не только когда мы двигаемся, но и когда наблюдаем за тем, как другие выполняют движения. Распространенная интерпретация этого феномена заключается в том, что он отражает процесс моделирования, который может играть роль в понимании действий других людей. Здесь мы будем записывать МЭП, вызванные ТМС, над первичной моторной корой, в то время как испытуемые наблюдают за движениями других людей в сравнении с контрольными стимулами.

Сравнение амплитуд MEP показывает эффект облегчения (Рисунок 1). Амплитуда MEP, записанная из мышцы FDI, значительно больше во время видео действий руками по сравнению с контрольными видео. Этот результат говорит о том, что моторная кора головного мозга повышает возбудимость во время наблюдения за действием.
<img alt="Figure 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/10270/10270fig1.jpg"> 
Рисунок 1: Амплитуд...

Source: Laboratories of Jonas T. Kaplan and Sarah I. Gimbel&#8212;University of Southern California
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) is a ...

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tms reveals brain response to watching movement

Transcranial magnetic stimulation, or TMS, can reveal how the brain responds when people watch movement. This technique is non-invasive, which means it does not require surgery. A coil placed against the scalp carries current and creates a brief magnetic field. By induction, that field triggers current in nearby neural tissue.

In single-pulse TMS, one short magnetic pulse is used to stimulate the neocortex. The effect of the pulse depends on its duration, frequency, and magnitude. When TMS is applied over the motor cortex, it can produce muscle twitches. Because the motor cortex is arranged in a somatotopic pattern, the exact coil position can target different muscles.

The muscle activity caused by these twitches is measured as motor evoked potentials, or MEPs. Electrodes placed on the skin over the target muscle record these electrical signals. The size of the MEP can be used as a sign of motor cortex excitability. Larger MEPs suggest that the motor cortex is more active.

This experiment uses single-pulse TMS to test motor cortex excitability during action observation. The basic idea comes from a study by Fadiga and colleagues and has been repeated by many others. It is known that motor cortex activity can increase not only during movement, but also while watching someone else move. One interpretation is that the brain uses a simulation process that may help people understand other actions. Here, MEPs evoked by TMS over the primary motor cortex are recorded while subjects observe movements made by others and compare them with control stimuli.

TMS Reveals Brain Response to Watching Movement

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using tms to measure motor excitability during action observation

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Learn how single-pulse TMS and MEP recordings measure motor cortex excitability as students observe movement versus control stimuli in a simple brain study.

TMS Reveals Brain Response to Watching Movement | JoVE K12

Jonas Kaplan

Overview

Experimental Design

Running the Experiment

Representative Results

Applications

Summary

Travelling Waves

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Equations of Wave Motion

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Graphing the Wave Function

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Interference and Superposition of Waves

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Speed of Sound in Gases

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Shock Waves

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Use mathematical representations to support a claim regarding relationships among the period, frequency, wavelength, and speed of waves traveling and transferring energy (amplitude, frequency) in various media.

HS-PS4-1.

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Sound Waves: Interference

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Interference: Path Lengths

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Two ...

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The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The electromagnetic spectrum consists of all the types of electromagnetic radiation arranged according to their frequency and wavelength. Each of the ...

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of ...

Quantum Numbers

It is said that the energy of an electron in an atom is quantized; that is, it can be equal only to certain specific values and can jump from one energy ...

Interference and Diffraction

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Interference and diffraction ...

Photoelectric Effect

Source: Yong P. Chen, PhD, Department of Physics &#38;&#38; Astronomy, College of Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Photoelectric effect ...

Reflection and Refraction

Source: Derek Wilson,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA
...

Evaluate the claims, evidence, and reasoning behind the idea that electromagnetic radiation can be described either by a wave model or a particle model (quantum theory), and that for some situations one model is more useful than the other.

HS-PS4-3.

Electric Charge in a Magnetic Field

Source: Andrew Duffy, PhD, Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, MA
This experiment duplicates J.J. Thomson's famous experiment at the end of ...

Electromagnetic Fields

Electric fields generated by static charges, often referred to as electrostatic fields, are characteristically different from electric fields created by ...

Electromagnetic Waves

James Clerk Maxwell formulated a single theory combining all the electric and magnetic effects scientists knew during that time, calling the phenomena his ...

Electromagnetic waves are categorized according to their wavelengths and frequencies, giving the electromagnetic spectrum. These waves are classified as ...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of ...

Plane Electromagnetic Waves II

Consider a plane wavefront traveling in position x-direction with a constant speed. This wavefront can be utilized to obtain the relationship between ...

propagation-speed-of-electromagnetic-waves

Propagation Speed of Electromagnetic Waves

Electromagnetic waves are consistent with Ampere&#39;s law. Assuming there is no conduction current Ampere&#39;s law is given as:


Consider a plane ...

Electromagnetic Waves in Matter

Electromagnetic waves can travel in the vacuum as well as in matter. For example light, which is an electromagnetic wave, can travel through air, water, ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

Intensity Of Electromagnetic Waves

The energy transport per unit area per unit time, or the Poynting vector, gives the energy flux of an electromagnetic wave at any specific time. For a ...

Momentum And Radiation Pressure

An object absorbing an electromagnetic wave would experience a force in the direction of propagation of the wave. This force occurs because ...

Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Source: Frederick W. Damen and Craig J. Goergen, Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
In this video, high ...

an-introduction-to-drosophila-melanogaster

An Introduction to Drosophila melanogaster

Drosophila melanogaster, also known as the fruit fly, is a powerful model organism widely used in biological research that has made significant ...

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials of the effects that different frequencies of electromagnetic radiation have when absorbed by matter.

HS-PS4-4.

TMS Reveals Brain Response to Watching Movement

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