Name: hand-pump vapor compression refrigeration
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:58:04.000Z
Duration: 12 min 9 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Energy

HS-PS3-4.

Introduction to Refrigeration

Внимание: В этом эксперименте используются системы с повышенным давлением и хладагентами, которые могут быть токсичными при высоких концентрациях. Убедитесь, что соблюдаются разумные меры предосторожности и что вы носите соответствующие СИЗ. Обеспечьте достаточную вентиляцию при работе с хладагентами. 
1. Изготовление холодильной системы (см. схему и фотографию, рис. 3)
<ol>
	<li>Сконструируйте паровой компрессор, сначала подключив одно отверстие пневматического цилиндра двойного действия к тройнику трубопроводного фитинга. Установите клапан Шредера на другое отверстие пневматического цилиндра. Установите односторонние (обратные) клапаны к двум другим портам тройника, одно направлено внутрь, а другое наружу. Это позволяет хладагенту всасывать его из испарителя и выталкивать в конденсатор под высоким давлением. </li>
	<li>Используя еще два тройника для трубопроводных фитингов, установите манометры до и после компрессора. </li>
	<li>Для приведения в действие компрессора используется велосипедный напольный насос высокого давления. Снимите резиновый шарик (компонент обратного клапана) с сантехники велосипедного насоса. Это позволит компрессору расширяться и всасывать хладагент между тактами откачки. Подсоедините шланг велосипедного насоса к клапану Шредера на компрессоре. </li>
	<li>Сформируйте тонкий (внешний диаметр 3,2 мм) алюминиевый змеевик трубки, который будет действовать как конденсатор. В прототипе системы (рис. 3) катушка была сформирована путем спирального намотки алюминиевой трубки на сердечник из жесткой резиновой трубки диаметром 2,5 см на четыре витка (общая длина ~50 см). Длина змеевика конденсатора не является критичной для этого мелкомасштабного эксперимента. </li>
	<li>Подсоедините один конец змеевика конденсатора к открытому отверстию тройника фитинга трубопровода ниже манометра с помощью компрессионного фитинга (рекомендуется часть #5272K291 McMaster Inc.). </li>
	<li>Установите короткую прозрачную трубу из ПВХ в два колена редукционной трубы. Этот компонент будет выступать в качестве резервуара хладагента высокого давления. Подсоедините резервуар к выходному отверстию трубки конденсатора. </li>
	<li>Установите шаровой кран в тройник трубы с помощью соединительного соединителя развальцовочного фитинга AN/SAE. Это будет порт зарядки. Подсоедините игольчатый расходомер к одной стороне тройника трубы. Это будет устройство расширения. С помощью узкой алюминиевой трубки подсоедините другое отверстие тройника к нижней точке резервуара с хладагентом. </li>
	<li>Сформируйте второй змеевик из алюминиевой трубки, который будет действовать как испаритель. Подсоедините его между выходом игольчатого клапана и входом компрессора. </li>
	<li>Заполните систему сжатым воздухом (550 кПа при наличии) через порт зарядки. Используйте распылитель мыльной воды, чтобы выявить любые утечки водопровода, и при необходимости произведите ремонт. </li>
	<li>Подключите термопары к змеевикам конденсатора и испарителя для измерения температуры. </li>
</ol>
<img alt="Figure 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/10387/10387fig3v2.jpg"> 
Рисунок 3: а. Схема узлов и соединений в экспериментальной парокомпрессионной холодильной системе. <a href="//cloudfront.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/10387/10387fig3v2large.jpg" target="_blank">Пожалуйста, нажмите здесь, чтобы просмотреть увеличенную версию этой цифры. </a>
<img alt="Figure 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/10387/10387fig4.jpg"> 
Рисунок 4: T - s (a) и P - h (b) диаграммы для экспериментального цикла охлаждения паром R-134a. 
2. Зарядка холодильной системы
<ol>
	<li>Подсоедините средний порт заправочного коллектора хладагента к загрузочному порту на холодильнике. Подключите вакуумный насос к порту низкого давления коллектора, а баллончик с хладагентом — к порту высокого давления. R134a является наиболее распространенным хладагентом и используется здесь. R1234ze(E) может быть лучшим вариантом, поскольку его низкое давление насыщения упрощает работу компрессора, а его низкий ПГП снижает воздействие на окружающую среду в результате любых утечек. </li>
	<li>Запустите вакуумный насос и постепенно открывайте все системные клапаны, чтобы удалить весь воздух. Кратковременно откройте клапан канистры хладагента, чтобы удалить воздух из сборки. </li>
	<li>Как только вакуум будет достигнут, изолируйте вакуумный насос и закройте порт низкого давления на коллекторе заправки хладагента. Переверните канистру с хладагентом и впрыскивайте жидкий хладагент в систему до тех пор, пока уровень в резервуаре высокого давления не станет немного выше уровня игольчатого клапана. </li>
</ol>
3. Операция
<ol>
	<li>Отрегулируйте игольчатый клапан до тех пор, пока он не станет едва открытым. </li>
	<li>Приводите в действие холодильник с помощью насоса велосипеда, соединенного с пневматическим цилиндром компрессора. </li>
	<li>Отслеживайте высокое и нижнее давление на стороне, а также температуру испарителя и конденсатора до тех пор, пока не будут достигнуты стабильные условия. Запишите эти значения давления и температуры. Обратите внимание, что большинство манометров показывают измерительное давление. Его можно преобразовать в абсолютное давление, добавив около 101 кПа. </li>
	<li>Укажите точки состояния (1-4) и приблизительные соединительные кривые на диаграммах T-s и P-h (рис. 4). </li>
</ol>

Этот эксперимент продемонстрировал принципы охлаждения с компрессией пара. Следует признать, что экспериментальная система обладает ограниченной производительностью - с низкой холодопроизводительностью (Qevap) и низкой подъемной силой (разница температур испарителя и окружающей среды). Тем не менее, он предлагает интуитивное введение в конструкцию и физику сжатия пара. Этапы анализа данных демонстрируют использование диаграмм T-s и P-h для описания работы термодинамического ...

Введение в охлаждение

Источник: Александр С. Раттнер и Кристофер Дж. Факультет машиностроения и ядерной инженерии, Университет штата Пенсильвания, Юниверсити-Парк, Пенсильвания
Этот эксперимент демонстрирует принципы охлаждения с компрессией пара. Цикл сжатия пара является доминирующей технологией охлаждения, используемой в большинстве холодильников, морозильных камер, систем кондиционирования воздуха и тепловых насосов. В этом цикле охлаждение (получение тепла) достигается за счет испарения хладагента под низким давлением. Тепловая энергия, поглощаемая при испарении, отводится в окружающую среду через конденсацию хладагента под высоким давлением. В компрессоре применяется механическая работа для поднятия рабочей жидкости с низкого давления на высокое. 
Несмотря на то, что холодильные технологии широко распространены, скрытая упаковка и автономная работа большинства холодильников затрудняют понимание принципов работы и функций ключевых компонентов. В этом эксперименте был сконструирован рудиментарный парокомпрессионный холодильник. Компрессор приводится в действие вручную с помощью велосипедного насоса, что позволяет интуитивно оценить работу цикла, когда экспериментатор становится частью системы. Результирующие давления и температуры компонентов могут быть интерпретированы в терминах термодинамических диаграмм T-s и P-h, которые фиксируют изменение свойств жидкости от состояния жидкости к пару (во время испарения и конденсации).

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Phigh</td>
			<td>659 ± 7 кПа</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plow</td>
			<td>569 ± 7 кПа</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tambient</td>
			<td>22.0 ± 1 °C</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tcond</td>
			<td>25.0 ±</str...

Source: Alexander S Rattner and Christopher J Greer; Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, ...

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hand-pump vapor compression refrigeration

Vapor compression refrigeration shows how refrigerators, freezers, air-conditioning systems, and heat pumps remove heat. It is the dominant refrigeration technology used in many everyday devices. In this cycle, cooling happens when refrigerant evaporates at low pressure. The absorbed thermal energy is then released to the surroundings when the refrigerant condenses at high pressure.

The compressor is the part that raises the working fluid from low pressure to high pressure. Mechanical work is added during this step. In many real refrigerators, the parts are hidden inside sealed packaging, and the system runs on its own. That makes it hard to see how each component works together.

This experiment builds a simple vapor compression refrigerator so the process is easier to follow. A bicycle pump is used to operate the compressor by hand. That makes the experimenter part of the system and gives a direct feel for how the cycle works. The measured pressures and temperatures can then be interpreted with T-s and P-h diagrams. These diagrams show how the fluid changes between liquid and vapor during evaporation and condensation.

Hand-Pump Vapor Compression Refrigeration

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mechanical engineering

This collection introduces a range of concepts that are essential for understanding and designing mechanical systems. Each video examines a specific topic and describes fundamental analytical methods commonly employed to understand physical behaviors.

Explore vapor compression refrigeration with a hand-pump setup that shows evaporation, condensation, pressure changes, and the main parts of a refrigerator cycle.

Hand-Pump Vapor Compression Refrigeration | JoVE K12

Overview

Principles of Refrigeration and the Vapor Dome

Constructing the Hand-pump Refrigerator

Charging and Operating the Refrigerator

Results

Applications

Summary

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Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy&#160;

Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...

Quantifying Work

As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the ...

A change in the internal energy of a system depends on the the net heat transfer into the system and the net work done by the system. The first law of ...

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a ...

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to ...

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or ...

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas I

Heat capacity is the ratio of heat absorbed by the substance corresponding to its temperature change. It is also called thermal capacity and the SI unit ...

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas II

For a system that undergoes a thermodynamic process at a constant volume condition, the heat absorbed is used only to increase the system&#39;s internal ...

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III

The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents ...

Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic expansion, ...

pressure-and-volume-in-an-adiabatic-process

Pressure and Volume in an Adiabatic Process

Free expansion of a gas is an adiabatic process. However, there are few differences between free expansion and adiabatic expansion. During free expansion, ...

Work Done in an Adiabatic Process

Consider the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas in the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine. The gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an ...

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are ...

Heat Engines

A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam ...

fmri-functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging

fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used to investigate human brain function and cognition in both ...

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

HS-PS3-3.

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, ...

statements-of-the-second-law-of-thermodynamics

Statements of the Second Law of Thermodynamics

The second law of thermodynamics can be stated in several different ways, and all of them can be shown to imply the others. The Clausius&#8217; statement ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

Hand-Pump Vapor Compression Refrigeration

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