Name: fan-pipe flow and valve pressure loss
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T07:03:07.000Z
Duration: 10 min 16 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Chemistry

Energy

HS-PS3-1

conservation-of-energy-approach-to-system-analysis

Conservation of Energy Approach to System Analysis

1. Setting the facility
<ol>
	<li>Make sure that the fan is not running, so there is no flow in the facility.</li>
	<li>Verify that the data acquisition system (Figure 4(A)) follows the schematic in figure 2B.
	<ol>
		<li>Connect the positive port of pressure transducer #1 (see figure 2B for reference) to the pressure tap upstream of the valve (<img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq039.jpg" alt="static equilibrium formula, ΣP3=0, diagram, educational physics, force balance analysis" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">).</li>
		<li>Leave the negative port of the pressure transducer #1 open to the room conditions (receiver:<img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq040.jpg" alt="Polyatomic ion, chemical symbol P₄, molecular structure diagram, educational chemistry concept." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">). Hence, the reading of this transducer will be directly <img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq041.jpg" alt="Equation depicting pressure difference, P₃ - P₄, in fluid dynamics analysis." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">.</li>
		<li>Connect the positive port of pressure transducer #2 (see figure 2B for reference) to the plenum pressure tap (<img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq042.jpg" alt="Static equilibrium, ΣFx=0 diagram, tripod with force vectors, illustrating force balance method." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">).</li>
		<li>Connect the negative port of pressure transducer #2 (see figure 2B for reference) to the pressure tap upstream of the valve (<img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq039.jpg" alt="static equilibrium formula, ΣP3=0, diagram, educational physics, force balance analysis" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">). Hence, the reading of this transducer will be directly<img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq043.jpg" alt="P2-P3 equation; fluid dynamics diagram; pressure difference calculation in a hydraulic system." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">, as required by equation (10).</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>Make sure that the virtual channel 0 in the data acquisition system (Figure 4(B)) corresponds to pressure transducer #1 (<img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq041.jpg" alt="Equation depicting pressure difference, P₃ - P₄, in fluid dynamics analysis." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">) and the virtual channel 1 corresponds to pressure transducer #2 (<img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq043.jpg" alt="P2-P3 equation; fluid dynamics diagram; pressure difference calculation in a hydraulic system." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">).</li>
	<li>Set the data acquisition system to sample at a rate of 100 Hz for a total of 500 samples (i.e. 5s of data).</li>
</ol>
Table 1. Basic parameters for experimental study.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>
			Parameter
			</td>
			<td>
			Value
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipe diameter (D)</td>
			<td>50.8 mm (2 inch)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transducer #1 calibration constant (m_p1)</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li value="136.015944">Pa/V</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transducer #2 calibration constant (m_p2)</td>
			<td>
			<ol>
				<li value="141.241584">Pa/V</li>
			</ol>
			</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Local atmospheric pressure</td>
			<td>100,474.15 Pa</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Local temperature</td>
			<td>297.15 K</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Local air density</td>
			<td>1.186 kg/m3</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>
<img alt="Electronics setup with transducers, carrier demodulators, multimeter, digitizer; data analysis chart." src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449fig4.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure 4"> 
Figure 4. Flow facility. (A): view of plenum discharge into the receiver section before installing the set of valves to be studied. (B): three different kind of valves inside the receiver. From left to right: gate valve, globe valve, butterfly valve. (C): exit ports from the receiver. The valves discharge the flow inside the receiver, and the fan sucks the flow out of the receiver through the perforated plate in the picture. <a href="//cloudfront.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449fig4large.jpg" target="_blank">Please click here to view a larger version of this figure.</a>
2. Measurements
<ol>
	<li>Record the diameter of the pipe connected to the valve and calculate its cross-sectional area.</li>
	<li>Determine the maximum number of full turns of the handle required to move the valve from the fully closed position to the fully open position. If this number is not an integer, exclude the last fractional rotation to simplify this analysis. For the current experiment, the maximum number of full turns is 12.</li>
	<li>Close the valve completely.</li>
	<li>Rotate the handle of the valve until it is fully open while counting the number of full turns. For simplicity, use only an integer number of turns for the experiment. For example, it takes approximately 12 turns and 1/3 of a turn to fully open the valve used in this experiment. Hence, we will turn the handle of this valve only 12 full turns from its fully closed position and define that as the initial position (<img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq044.jpg" alt="θ = 0° equation in static equilibrium analysis." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">).</li>
	<li>Turn the flow facility on.</li>
	<li>Use the data acquisition system to record the readings of <img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq041.jpg" alt="Equation depicting pressure difference, P₃ - P₄, in fluid dynamics analysis." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000"> and <img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq043.jpg" alt="P2-P3 equation; fluid dynamics diagram; pressure difference calculation in a hydraulic system." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">.</li>
	<li>Enter in table 2 the average values of <img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq041.jpg" alt="Equation depicting pressure difference, P₃ - P₄, in fluid dynamics analysis." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000"> and <img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq043.jpg" alt="P2-P3 equation; fluid dynamics diagram; pressure difference calculation in a hydraulic system." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000"> obtained with the data acquisition system.</li>
	<li>Close the valve by 1.5 turns.</li>
	<li>Repeat steps 2.6 to 2.8 until table 2 is fully populated.</li>
	<li>Turn the flow facility off.</li>
</ol>
3. Data Analysis
<ol>
	<li>Determine the loss coefficient of the valve for each angular position using equation (5). Enter these values in table 2.</li>
	<li>Determine the flow rate for each angular position of the valve using equation (10). Enter these values in table 2.</li>
	<li>Determine the operating point using equation (7). Enter these values in table 2.</li>
	<li>Calculate the relative difference between the measured flow rate and the operating point <img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq045.jpg" alt="Static equilibrium formula, (Qop−Q)/Q, mathematical expression." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000"></li>
	<li>Use equation (3) to produce a plot of the system curves for all the values of <img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq022.jpg" alt="Kv symbol for hydraulic conductivity calculation, relevant in soil permeability studies." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">. Consider the total loss coefficient as <img src="/files/ftp_upload/10449/10449eq046.jpg" alt="Equation: K = 1.5 + Kv, illustrating a formula for equilibrium calculations." data-altupdatedat="1761830439000">.</li>
	<li>Add the characteristic curve of the fan to this same plot using equation (2).</li>
</ol>
Table 2. Representative results. Measurements of pressure differences and estimations of flow rate and loss coefficients.
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>[P_pl-P_a ] (Pa)</td>
			<td>[P_a-P_r ] (Pa)</td>
			<td>Q (m3/s)</td>
			<td>K</td>
			<td>Q_OP (m3/s)</td>
			<td>ε (%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>246.75</td>
			<td>54.00</td>
			<td>0.0327</td>
			<td>0.450</td>
			<td>0.0316</td>
			<td>-3.16</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>208.62</td>
			<td>114.22</td>
			<td>0.0301</td>
			<td>0.976</td>
			<td>0.0293</td>
			<td>-2.51</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>156.19</td>
			<td>204.80</td>
			<td>0.0260</td>
			<td>2.198</td>
			<td>0.0254</td>
			<td>-2.30</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>109.30</td>
			<td>281.69</td>
			<td>0.0218</td>
			<td>4.224</td>
			<td>0.0214</td>
			<td>-1.53</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>71.82</td>
			<td>348.38</td>
			<td>0.0176</td>
			<td>7.863</td>
			<td>0.0174</td>
			<td>-1.26</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>38.72</td>
			<td>408.60</td>
			<td>0.0129</td>
			<td>16.989</td>
			<td>0.0128</td>
			<td>-0.90</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15.00</td>
			<td>452.39</td>
			<td>0.0081</td>
			<td>48.359</td>
			<td>0.0080</td>
			<td>-0.32</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2.51</td>
			<td>482.50</td>
			<td>0.0033</td>
			<td>307.799</td>
			<td>0.0033</td>
			<td>-0.18</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

This experiment explored the application of the energy equation to characterize the action of a valve on pipe flow. It was observed that the valve induces flow resistance by increasing energy dissipation. Considering that the pressure drop along the flow system is directly proportional to the square of the flow rate, the effect of energy dissipation is captured by the magnitude of the proportionality coefficient. This coefficient is the addition of the loss coefficients of all the elements in the flow system, including t...

conservation of energy approach to system analysis

Source: Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez and Hussam Hikmat Jabbar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate the application of the energy conservation equation to determine the performance of a flow system. To this end, the energy equation for steady, incompressible flow is applied to a short pipe with a gate valve. The gate valve is then gradually closed and its influence on flow conditions is characterized. In addition, the interplay between this flow system and the fan that drives the flow is studied by comparing the system curve with the characteristic curve of the fan.
This experiment helps understanding how energy dissipation is used by valves to restrict the flow. Also, under the same principle, this experiment offers a simple method to measure flow rate using the pressure change across a sharp entrance.

Figure 5 shows the results for the current measurements. Here, the black solid line was generated with equation (2), and each red line with equation (3) for different values of the valve's loss coefficient. From the figure, it is evident that the system curve increases its slope as the valve closes. In other words, this experiment demonstrates that the principle behind the operation of a valve is to increase energy dissipation to restrict the flow. On the other hand, from...

Source: Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez and Hussam Hikmat Jabbar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
The purpose of ...

Conservation of energy is a well established physical principle that is frequently applied in the design and analysis of mechanical systems. Since energy is conserved, careful accounting of how it is added to and dissipated from a system as well as the internal transformations to the various forms can yield important details about the operating conditions. The advantage of this approach is that it often allows many details of the system to be ignored. So, the analysis can be greatly simplified. This video will illustrate the application of conservation of energy to a flow system with a gate valve. And show how this approach can be used to determine the operating point of the system as well as the loss coefficient of the valve.Consider the flow facility shown in this schematic. Air is drawn into the plenum from atmospheric conditions and flows into the receiver room through a short pipe section with a sharp entrance, a gate valve, and an open discharge. The air then flows through an orifice plate and a centrifugal fan before returning to atmospheric conditions. The total energy carried by the flow is a combination of kinetic, potential, and thermodynamic components as shown in the equation for the specific energy at a point in the flow. These components can freely transform from one type to another through the system. Note that alpha is a correction factor to take into account that the velocity is not constant across the flow section. For turbulent flow, alpha is usually taken as one. And for laminar flows, it is noticeably larger. In pipe flows at moderate Reynolds numbers, alpha is approximately 1.1. Since energy is conserved, any difference in the specific energy between two points in the flow must be the result of external work on the fluid or dissipation. Additionally, if analysis is restricted to points at the same height, the gravitational potential will not contribute to the difference. This is the energy equation for the system. Now consider the system losses. The most significant losses will occur at the pipe entrance, the valve, and the discharge. These losses are proportional to the kinetic energy of the flow and can be related to the flow rate using continuity. It can be shown that the loss coefficient for the entrance and discharge are one half and one respectively. Consider what happens as the air flows from the plenum into the pipe section. No energy is added, but there is some dissipation at the entrance. Additionally, since the flow velocity in the plenum is negligible compared to the velocity in the pipe section, it can be ignored. The remaining terms can be rearranged to yield the flow rate in terms of the pressure difference between those points. Now consider the pressure drop from the pipe section upstream of the valve to the receiver. Again, no energy is added and losses will occur at the valve and discharge. Flow velocity in the receiver is negligible compared to the pipe section, so the equation simplifies again. In this case, the valve loss is a function of flow rate and the pressure difference can be determined. Finally, consider the whole system. The fluid enters and exits the system at the same pressure and velocity. So the work added by the shaft must be equal to the total losses in the system. If the performance curve of the fan is known, then the operating point, or expected flow rate of the system can be predicted for a given total loss factor. The operating point can be determined graphically by plotting the fan performance curve with the system performance curve. At a given flow rate, the fan curve represents the specific energy added in terms of a pressure jump, while the system curve represents the specific energy loss. At a steady state, these two contributions must be equal. Now that you understand how to use conservation of energy to analyze the system, let's use this technique to calibrate the valve and determine the operating point.Before you begin setting up, familiarize yourself with the layout and safety procedures of the facility. Check that the fan is not running and there is no flow through the test area. Now set up the data acquisition system as shown in the diagram in the text. Connect the plenum pressure tab to the positive port of pressure transducer two. And then connect the pressure tab upstream of the valve to the negative port of transducer two as well as the positive port of transducer one. Leave the negative port of transducer one open to room conditions. The data acquisition software ensure that virtual channel zero and one correspond to pressure transducers one and two respectively. Finally, set the sampling rate to 100 hertz and total samples to 500. After the data acquisition system is set up, measure the inner diameter of the test pipe and calculate its cross sectional area. Next, turn the valve handle clockwise until the valve is completely closed. And then open the valve by one full turn of the handle at a time keeping count of the number of whole turns required to fully open the valve. If there is a partial turn remaining, return the handle to the nearest full turn. Pick a convenient increment based on the number of turns just counted. For example, if the number of turns was 12, an increment of 1.5 turns gives eight test points from fully open to almost fully closed. Leave the valve in the fully opened position and turn the flow facility on. Now, use the data acquisition system to determine the average pressure differences measured by both transducers at this valve position and record these values. Close the valve by one increment and repeat the measurement. Continue closing the valve by increments and taking measurements until the valve is almost fully closed. When all of the data has been collected, turn the flow facility off.At each valve position measured by the number of turns from the fully opened position, you have a measurement of the pressure differences between the plenum and the pipe section upstream of the valve and the measurement of the pressure difference between the pipe section upstream of the valve and the receiver. Perform the following calculations for each position of the valve. First calculate the flow rate from the pressure drop between the plenum and the upstream pipe section using the equation derived earlier. Once the flow rate is known, the loss coefficient of the valve can be calculated from the pressure drop between the upstream pipe section and the receiver. Use the loss coefficient to determine the operating point or the expected air flow at this valve position. Finally, compare the operating point to the experimental flow rate by calculating the relative difference between the two. Now look at your results.Plot the characteristic curve described in the text for the fan and then add the system curves for the total losses at each position of the valve. Both the slope of the system curve and the loss coefficient of the valve increases the valve is closed demonstrating an increase in energy dissipation as the flow is restricted. Conceptually, as KV approaches infinity, all of the energy is dissipated in the valve. In the range of flow rates observed, the percent error is low but always underestimated. Additionally, the error decreases as the valve is closed. This behavior is expected since the correction factor alpha increases slightly with the Reynolds number.Conservation of energy is frequently used to analyze complex engineering systems. The kinetic energy carried by the wind can be harvest by wind turbines to produce electric power. By comparing upstream with downstream flow conditions, the energy equation can be used to assess how much energy has been removed from the wind. The magnitude of the energy recovered will be given by the shocked work. Change is gravitational potential energy can be used to assess the flow rate of water over a spillway. This is done in combination with the mass conservation equation by measuring the depths upstream and downstream of the spillway.You've just watched the Jove's introduction to conservation of energy analysis. You should now understand how to apply an energy equation to a flow system, calibrate loss coefficients, and determine the operating point. Thanks for watching.

Education

JoVE Science Education

Engineering

Mechanical Engineering

fan-pipe flow and valve pressure loss

This experiment examines steady, incompressible flow in a short pipe with a gate valve. It uses the energy conservation equation to track how pressure and flow change through the system.

The gate valve is gradually closed, and its effect on the flow conditions is measured. The setup shows how energy dissipation helps a valve restrict flow. It also links the pipe system to the fan that drives the flow by comparing the system curve with the fan’s characteristic curve.

The same pressure-based approach is used for flow measurement across a sharp entrance. This provides a simple way to estimate flow rate from the pressure change in the system.

Fan-Pipe Flow and Valve Pressure Loss

buoyancy and drag on immersed bodies

Measuring Drag on Rising Bubbles

Objects, vehicles, and organisms in fluids experience buoyancy, drag, and lift. Buoyancy is the upward force from the fluid’s weight. Drag is the resistive force that acts opposite motion. Lift is the force perpendicular to the direction of motion. These forces matter in engineering and in the study of swimming and flying organisms. Predicting and measuring them helps explain how bodies move through a fluid medium. It also supports the design of vehicles that travel through liquids or gases. <br...

stability of floating vessels

How Cargo Changes Boat Stability

Boat stability depends on hull shape and internal mass distribution. A stable vessel can self-right after it is rolled to one side by an outside force. Careful hull design helps seagoing vessels stay stable with a low draft, which is the submerged depth of the hull. That can improve maneuverability and reduce drag. This experiment uses a model boat with an adjustable center of mass, which represents different cargo loadings. The boat is also modified for automated tracking of its roll angle.

propulsion and thrust

Static Thrust Testing in Propulsion Systems

Propulsion systems create thrust by speeding up a surrounding fluid or high-temperature combustion products. Aircraft, rockets, and ships all use this basic idea. When the fluid leaves at high velocity, conservation of momentum produces an effective force on the vehicle. Thrust is often checked with static thrust tests. In these tests, the propulsion system is fixed to an instrumented mount, and the holding force on the mount is measured as thrust. This setup lets the system run while the...

piping networks and pressure losses

Measuring Pressure Drop in Pipe Components

This experiment measures pressure drop in pipe components used in internal flow systems. Friction from channel walls, fittings, and obstructions can turn fluid pressure into heat, which reduces the pressure available for flow. A piping network is built with straight tubing, helical tube coils, and elbow fittings with sharp 90° bends. Pressure loss is measured across each component set with manometers, which show fluid pressure by the height of liquid in an open vertical column. The measured...

quenching and boiling

Heat Transfer During Metal Quenching

Controlled heating followed by rapid cooling is a key step in many materials processing applications. This heat-treating process can make a material harder. That matters for cutting tools and for surfaces that must resist wear. The rapid cooling stage is called quenching. It is often done by placing the material in a fluid bath, such as water or oil. Quenching heat transfer can happen by forced convection, when fast movement through the coolant drives heat transfer, or by free convection, when...

hydraulic jumps

Water Flow Slowing in a Hydraulic Jump

Hydraulic jumps show how fast open-channel water can suddenly slow down and rise. When water moves at high velocity along an open channel, the flow can become unstable. Small disturbances can make the upper surface jump to a higher level. This abrupt rise is called a hydraulic jump. As the water level increases, the average flow velocity drops. The fast-moving water also loses kinetic energy, and that energy is dissipated as heat. Engineers often build hydraulic jumps into large water works,...

heat exchanger analysis

Measuring Heat Transfer in a Tube Exchanger

Heat exchangers move thermal energy between two fluid streams and are common in energy systems. They appear in car radiators, refrigerator evaporators, and cooling towers in power plants. In each case, heat moves from one fluid to another, either directly or through a surface. This experiment focuses on a water-to-water tube-in-tube heat exchanger. The setup is built and then tested with temperature and flow rate measurements. These measurements are used to find the heat transfer rate, or Q,...

introduction to refrigeration

Hand-Pump Vapor Compression Refrigeration

Vapor compression refrigeration shows how refrigerators, freezers, air-conditioning systems, and heat pumps remove heat. It is the dominant refrigeration technology used in many everyday devices. In this cycle, cooling happens when refrigerant evaporates at low pressure. The absorbed thermal energy is then released to the surroundings when the refrigerant condenses at high pressure. The compressor is the part that raises the working fluid from low pressure to high pressure. Mechanical work is...

hot wire anemometry

Measuring Turbulent Flow with Hot Wires

Hot-wire anemometry measures fast changes in fluid flow with a thin heated wire. Its very short time response makes it useful for rapidly fluctuating motion, especially turbulent flows. This experiment demonstrates how hot-wire anemometry is used in practice. It shows a method for tracking flow conditions when quick changes matter. The setup highlights why a hot-wire anemometer can capture details that slower sensors may miss.

measuring turbulent flows

Hot-Wire Analysis of a Turbulent Jet

Hot-wire anemometry is used to measure a turbulent jet and study its fast changes in speed. Turbulent flows have very high-frequency fluctuations, so they require instruments with a fast time response for proper measurement. A hot-wire anemometer has that short response time and can capture these rapid velocity changes. A previously calibrated hot-wire probe is used to collect velocity data at different positions within the jet. These measurements show how the flow varies across the turbulent...

visualization of flow past a bluff body

Hydrogen Bubble Flow Around a Cylinder

Hydrogen bubble flow around a circular cylinder shows how fluid moves past a bluff body. A bluff body is an object with a shape that causes separated flow over most of its surface. This is different from a streamlined body, such as an airfoil, which stays aligned with the stream and causes less flow separation. Fluid motion can form complex patterns because its governing laws are non-linear. Scientists have studied these patterns for centuries. Computers and supercomputers can help predict...

jet impinging on an inclined plate

Measuring Jet Force on an Inclined Plate

A plane jet striking an inclined plate shows how fluid flow can exert force on a surface. The experiment focuses on how dynamic pressure changes into static pressure at the plate and how that change affects the load on the structure. Pressure is measured along the plate to build a pressure distribution. The plate has small perforations called pressure taps, and these taps connect through hoses to a scanning valve. The scanning valve sends pressure from one tap at a time to a diaphragm pressure...

This experiment examines steady, incompressible flow in a short pipe with a gate valve. It uses the energy conservation equation to track how pressure and flow change through the system. The gate valve is gradually closed, and its effect on the flow conditions is measured. The setup shows how energy dissipation helps a valve restrict flow. It also links the pipe system to the fan that drives the flow by comparing the system curve with the fan’s characteristic curve. The same pressure-based...

mass conservation and flow rate measurements

mass-conservation-and-flow-rate-measurements

Calibrating a Smooth Contraction Flowmeter

Mass conservation can be used to calibrate a smooth contraction as a flowmeter. The experiment uses a control volume, or CV, formulation. A control volume is a simplified region used to study the macroscopic effect of flow on an engineering system. This approach focuses on the main mass exchange in the system rather than the detailed flow pattern. It is a complementary method to differential analysis, which looks at the flow in more detail. In design work, the CV method can give an engineer an...

determination of impingement forces on a flat plate with the control volume method

determination-impingement-forces-on-flat-plate-with-control-volume

Jet Impact and Plate Force Measurement

A plane jet striking a flat plate creates a force that can be estimated from changes in linear momentum. This experiment uses a control volume formulation to study that force at different angles. A control volume is an imaginary closed surface that surrounds the flow region and helps simplify the analysis. The control volume approach focuses on the macroscopic effect of flow on an engineering system. It does not try to describe every detail of the fluid motion. Instead, it identifies the main...

mechanical engineering

This collection introduces a range of concepts that are essential for understanding and designing mechanical systems. Each video examines a specific topic and describes fundamental analytical methods commonly employed to understand physical behaviors.

Explore how energy conservation explains flow in a pipe with a gate valve, compares system and fan curves, and uses pressure change to measure flow rate.

Fan-Pipe Flow and Valve Pressure Loss | JoVE K12

HS-PS3-4

Tennessee Academic Standards

CHEM1.PS3.4

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Physical Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS+Phy.P4

HS+Phy.P4U2.7

HS.P4

HS.P4U1.8

HS+Phy.P4U1.6

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-PS3-3

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Physics

PHYS.1

IPC.1.G

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

C-PS3-4

P-PS3-1

P-PS3-2

P-PS3-3

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS. Energy

HS-PS3-1.

HS-PS3-3.

HS-PS3-4.

Overview

Principles of Conservation of Energy Analysis

Preparing the Flow Chamber

Data Analysis

Results

Applications

Summary

Conservation of Energy

The terms &#39;conserved quantity&#39;&#160;and &#39;conservation law&#39;&#160;have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the ...

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Conservation

Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form ...

Enthalpy

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy E of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and the kinetic energy K of the objects within it. What happens to this ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14702.jpg

first-law-of-thermodynamics-problem-solving

First Law Of Thermodynamics: Problem-Solving

The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of the system is equal to the net heat transfer into the system minus the net ...

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or ...

Internal Energy

The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with ...

Energy and Work

Conservation of Momentum

Source: Nicholas Timmons,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, ...

Entropy within the Cell

A living cell&#39;s primary tasks of obtaining, transforming, and using energy to do work may seem simple. However, the second law of thermodynamics ...

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Emphasis is on explaining the meaning of mathematical expressions used in the model. Focus is on basic algebraic expression or computations, systems of two or three components, and thermal energy.

What is Energy?

The universe is composed of matter in different forms, and all forms of matter contain energy. &#xA0;The different forms of energy on Earth originate from ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

The Wave Nature of Light

The nature of light has been a subject of inquiry since antiquity. In the seventeenth century, Isaac Newton performed experiments with lenses and prisms ...

Energy Carried By Electromagnetic Waves

Anyone who has used a microwave oven knows there is energy in electromagnetic waves. Sometimes, this energy is obvious, such as in the summer sun&#39;s ...

dual-nature-of-electromagnetic-em-radiation

Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation

Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer II

In convection, thermal energy is carried by the large-scale flow of matter. Ocean currents and large-scale atmospheric circulation, which result from the ...

Sound Waves

Sound waves can be thought of as fluctuations in the pressure of a medium through which they propagate. Since the pressure also makes the medium&#39;s ...

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light&#8212; typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is ...

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy&#160;

Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...

Mechanism of heat transfer

Understanding heat transfer mechanisms is essential for understanding how our bodies maintain balance in different environmental conditions. When the ...

conduction-convection-and-radiation-problem-solving

Conduction, Convection and Radiation: Problem Solving

There are three methods by which heat transfer can take place: conduction, convection, and radiation. Each method has unique and interesting ...

Design Consideration

While designing a structure, the considerations start with the ultimate strength of a material, which is determined through tests, measuring changes under ...

design-example-analyzing-capacity-contours-for-flood-risk-assessment

Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment

Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a ...

design-example-calculating-safe-diameter-for-wind-exposed-disc

Design Example: Calculating Safe Diameter for Wind-Exposed Disc

Assessing safety in wind-exposed installations is crucial to preventing potential failures. This example explores the calculation and design adjustments ...

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.  Clarification Statement: Chemistry: Emphasis is on both qualitative and quantitative evaluations of devices. Constraints could include use of renewable energy forms and efficiency. Focus of quantitative evaluations is limited to total output for a given input. Emphasis is on devices constructed with teacher approved materials. Examples of devices in chemistry could include hot/cold packs and batteries.

Energy Diagrams - I

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the ...

Energy Diagrams - II

Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the ...

Temperature and Thermal Equilibrium

Heat and temperature are essential concepts for everyone every day. The study of heat and temperature is part of an area of physics known as ...

Heat Engines

A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam ...

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. ...

Mechanisms of Heat Transfer I

Just as interesting as the effects of heat transfer on a system are the methods by which the heat transfer occur. Whenever there is a temperature ...

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to ...

le-chatelier-s-principle-changing-temperature

Le Chatelier's Principle: Changing Temperature

Consistent with the law of mass action, an equilibrium stressed by a change in concentration will shift to re-establish equilibrium without any change in ...

Constant Pressure Calorimetry

Calorimetry is a technique used to measure the amount of heat involved in a chemical or physical process or to measure the heat transferred to or from a ...

Entropy

The Carnot Cycle

Converting work to heat is an irreversible process, and the purpose of a heat engine is to reverse the effect partially. Heat engines aim to increase the ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).  Clarification Statement: Physical Science, Physics and Chemistry: Emphasis is on analyzing data from student investigations and using mathematical thinking appropriate to the subject to describe the energy changes quantitatively and conceptually. Examples of investigations could include mixing liquids at different initial temperatures or adding objects at different temperatures to water.

Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

Nuclear chemistry is the study of reactions that involve changes in nuclear structure. The nucleus of an atom is composed of protons and, except for ...

Types of Radioactivity

The most common types of radioactivity are &#945; decay, &#946; decay, &#947; decay, neutron emission, and electron capture.
Alpha (&#945;) decay is the ...

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10&#8722;15 meters, a nucleus is ...

Nuclear Binding Energy

The difference between the calculated and experimentally measured masses is known as the mass defect of the atom. In the case of helium-4, the mass defect ...

Radioactive Decay and Radiometric Dating

Radioactivity is a spontaneous disintegration of an unstable nuclide and is a random process, as all the nuclei in the sample do not decay simultaneously. ...

Nuclear Fission

Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Evaluate the validity and reliability of claims in published materials about the viability of nuclear power as a source of alternative energy relative to other forms of energy (e.g., fossil fuels, wind, solar, geothermal).  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the trade-offs existing between the amount of energy produced, the types and amounts of pollution produced, safety, and cost.  Examples of published materials could include trade books, magazines, web resources, videos, and other passages that may reflect bias.

HS-PS3-6

Fan-Pipe Flow and Valve Pressure Loss

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