Name: leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs
Uploaded: 2019-01-31T09:26:22.000Z
Duration: 1 min 27 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.3.2

Photosynthesis

<ul><li><a href="#" data-time="4">Пигментная хроматография растений и диски с плавающими листьями в вакууме
</a></li></ul>

<ul class="lab-items"><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Полоски для хроматографии (полоска 18 X 3-4 см)">Полоски для хроматографии (полоска 18 X 3-4 см)</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Растворитель для хроматографии (90% петролейного эфира и 10% ацетона, 10 мл)">Растворитель для хроматографии (90% петролейного эфира и 10% ацетона, 10 мл)</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="50">50</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="mL">mL</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Очистители труб">Очистители труб</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Пластиковые одноразовые шприцы (20 мл)">Пластиковые одноразовые шприцы (20 мл)</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Скрепки">Скрепки</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="10">10</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Петридиши ">Петридиши </div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Пластиковые/стеклянные стаканы (400 мл)">Пластиковые/стеклянные стаканы (400 мл)</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="15">15</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Дырокол ">Дырокол </div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Линейка">Линейка</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Перманентный маркер">Перманентный маркер</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Карандаш">Карандаш</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="5">5</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value=""></span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Жидкое средство для мытья посуды Dawn (1 бутылка)">Жидкое средство для мытья посуды Dawn (1 бутылка)</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="1">1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="per station">per station</span>
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Листья шпината ">Листья шпината </div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="В зависимости от размера лаборатории ">В зависимости от размера лаборатории</span>"
								</div>
							</li><li data-lab-item="1">
								<div class="ингредиент" data-value="Бикарбонат натрия/пищевая сода">Бикарбонат натрия/пищевая сода</div>
								<div class="количество-ингредиента">
									<span class="amount" data-value="-1">-1</span>
									<span class="unit" data-value="В зависимости от размера лаборатории ">В зависимости от размера лаборатории</span>"
								</div>
							</li></ul>

Фотосинтез

<ol class="note-items"><li data-note-item="1" data-parent-collapse="">Хроматография растительного пигмента и диски с плавающими листьями в вакууме
<кнопка class="expand">Expand</button><ul class="lab-items"><li data-sub-note-item="1-1"><div class="lab-step">За день до эксперимента наполните контейнер водой.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-2"><div class="lab-step">Опустите листья шпината в воду и убедитесь, что они погружены в воду.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-3"><div class="lab-step">Оставьте листья шпината замачиваться на ночь при комнатной температуре.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-4"><div class="lab-step">Надев перчатки, подготовьте и отмерьте отрезки хроматографической бумаги размером 18 см x 304 см.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-5"><div class="lab-step">Приготовьте раствор бикарбоната для второго эксперимента, соединив 0,25 г NaHCO3 с 300 мл воды. Добавьте в раствор одну каплю средства для мытья посуды и аккуратно перемешайте.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-6"><div class="lab-step">Если раствор все еще пенится, добавьте больше бикарбоната.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-7"><div class="lab-step">Для решения для контроля смешайте 300 мл воды с одной порцией средства для мытья посуды. Аккуратно перемешайте и старайтесь избегать пены.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-8"><div class="lab-step">Непосредственно перед началом эксперимента выберите несколько листьев шпината одинаковой гладкости и толщины без слишком большого количества крупных прожилок.
</div></li><li data-sub-note-item="1-9"><div class="lab-step">Используйте дырокол, чтобы создать 20 однородных дисков из листьев для каждого ученика или группы.
</div></li></ul></li></ol>

<div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">Что такое фотосинтез?</h4><p>Фотосинтез — это преобразование солнечного света в полезную и хранимую энергию. Автотрофы (такие как растения) используют углекислый газ, воду и энергию, получаемую от солнечного света, для производства глюкозы и кислорода посредством фотосинтеза, тем самым обеспечивая основной источник энергии в пищевой цепи.
</p></div><div class="section-question"><h4 class="question-sect">Как растения используют энергию солнца?</h4><p>Растения вырабатывают пигменты, такие ка...

Хроматография растительных пигментов и плавающие листовые диски в вакууме
РазобернитеЗа день до эксперимента наполните емкость водой.
Выложите шпинат ...

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leaf pigment prep for chromatography labs

<p class="jove_content">Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one squirt of dish soap and mix gently. If the solution stays sudsy, add more bicarbonate.</p>

<p class="jove_content">A control solution is prepared separately with 300 mL water and one squirt of dish soap. Mix this gently and avoid creating suds. Just before the lab begins, choose spinach leaves that are similar in smoothness and thickness and do not have too many large veins. Use a hole punch to make 20 uniform discs for each student or group.</p>

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

leaf-pigment-prep-for-chromatography-labs

photosynthesis

Spinach Pigments and Leaf Disc Photosynthesis

Spinach leaves contain pigments that can be separated by chromatography. In this lab, chromatography paper is used to move the pigments at different rates so their colors and positions can be compared. By measuring how far each pigment travels and calculating its retention factor, or Rf value, students can identify the pigments by matching them with literature values.<br /><br />The chromatography setup starts with a pencil line drawn 2 centimeters from one end of the paper. A spinach leaf is pressed...

Leaf pigment chromatography and floating leaf disc preparation are part of a photosynthesis lab. The work begins the day before the experiment. Spinach leaves are placed in a container of water and kept fully submerged overnight at room temperature.<br /><br />The setup also includes chromatography paper for the pigment test. Wearing gloves, prepare and measure 18 cm x 304 cm sections of the paper. For the leaf disc activity, make a bicarbonate solution by mixing 0.25 g NaHCO3 with 300 mL water. Add one...

lab manual sub articles

Prepare spinach leaves, chromatography paper, bicarbonate solution, and leaf discs for a high school photosynthesis lab on pigments and floating discs.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs | JoVE K12

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.E

3.1.9-12.J

3.1.9-12.K

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Environmental Science

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cellular processes

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.2

BIO.2.e

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.1.1 9L.3.1.1.2

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.3

Next Generation Science Standards

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

HS-LS1-5

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-5.

<p>Задумывались ли вы когда-нибудь, почему каждую осень листья на деревьях меняют цвет с зеленого на оттенки желтого, оранжевого и красного? Что придает листьям их яркую окраску в первую очередь? Ответ кроется в растительных органеллах, называемых хлоропластами, которые содержат пигменты, поглощающие определенные длины волн солнечного света и отражающие другие. Один из пигментов, хлорофилл, наиболее распространен летом. Он поглощает высокоэнергетические, фиолетовые, синие и красные волны от солнечного света и отражает зеленые длины волн, придавая листьям зеленый вид. В листьях есть и другие пигменты, такие как каротиноиды, которые отражают красный и желтый свет. Осенью листья перестают пополнять свои пигменты. Поскольку хлорофилл разлагается быстрее других пигментов, цвета этих каротиноидов демаскируются.</p><p>Присутствие различных пигментов в зеленом листе можно продемонстрировать с помощью хроматографической бумаги, гидрофильного полимера, который разделяет молекулы на основе их растворимости в определенном растворителе. Сначала экстракт листьев загружается на бумагу. Когда бумагу погружают в органический гидрофобный растворитель, растворитель перемещается по бумаге за счет капиллярного действия и по пути разделяет различные пигменты в экстракте листьев. Пигменты, которые являются наиболее гидрофобными, переносятся дальше вверх по бумаге. Тогда как гидрофильные пигменты связываются с целлюлозой, что затрудняет их движение. После того, как все пигменты отсортированы по их гидрофобности, мы можем рассчитать коэффициент удержания или значения Rf. Значение Rf — это отношение расстояния, пройденного пигментом, к расстоянию, пройденному растворителем. Каждый пигмент имеет уникальное значение Rf, и мы можем легко идентифицировать пигменты, сравнивая рассчитанные значения со стандартами. Фотосинтез, процесс, с помощью которого растения преобразуют углекислый газ, воду и световую энергию в химическую энергию и кислород, осуществляется в основном в листьях растения, и хлорофилл играет в этом процессе решающую роль. Хлоропласты содержат десятки молекул хлорофилла, каждая из которых выполняет определенную задачу и взаимодействует сложным образом. В конечном счете, световая энергия заставляет молекулы хлорофилла отдавать электроны, которые используются в других метаболических процессах. Таким образом, хлорофилл нуждается в непрерывном притоке электронов для замены тех, которые он теряет. Эти замещающие электроны образуются в результате расщепления молекул воды на протоны, электроны и молекулы кислорода. При высоких скоростях фотосинтеза вода расщепляется быстрее, чтобы восполнить электроны, и быстро генерируется кислород.</p><p>Это явление помогает нам оценить скорость фотосинтеза в лаборатории, просто суспензив листовые диски в растворе бикарбоната, где бикарбонат выступает в качестве богатого источника углерода. В начале эксперимента с листовым диском газы вытесняются из листовых дисков путем приложения отрицательного давления с помощью вакуума в шприце. Листовые диски с выброшенными газами утяжеляются и опускаются на дно раствора бикарбоната при переносе в стакан. Когда происходит фотосинтез, вода в окружающей среде расщепляется с целью восполнения электронов хлорофилла. Образующийся кислород делает диски легче, заставляя их со временем всплывать на поверхность. В средах, которые обеспечивают более высокую скорость фотосинтеза, диски плавают быстрее.</p><p>В этой лаборатории вы сначала отделите и определите пигменты в листьях шпината с помощью хроматографической бумаги. Затем вы оцените скорость фотосинтеза в воде и в растворе бикарбоната с помощью эксперимента с листовым диском.</p>

photosynthesis: light, sugars, and carbon

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis turns sunlight into chemical energy in the form of glucose. This process powers most life on Earth by helping autotrophs, or primary producers, make food. The glucose they make can provide quick energy or be stored as starch for later use. Consumers depend on these producers for energy.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis happens in many kinds of organisms. Cyanobacteria, some protists such as algae, and plants can all carry out this process. In eukaryotic cells, it takes place in the chloroplast. Chloroplasts look green because they contain chlorophyll, a pigment that absorbs light at specific wavelengths.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Plants use several pigments to capture light. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light and reflects green light. Other pigments, including carotenoids, anthocyanins, and betalains, absorb or reflect different wavelengths and often appear yellow to red. In autumn, when chlorophyll levels drop in temperate regions, these pigments become visible and leaves change color.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis has two main stages: light-dependent reactions and light-independent reactions. These stages happen in different parts of the chloroplast. The chloroplast has an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and an inner thylakoid membrane that forms disc-like folds. The space between the inner membrane and thylakoids is the stroma.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-dependent reactions begin in the thylakoid membrane when sunlight excites electrons in chlorophyll. Those electrons move through an electron transport chain, dropping to lower energy levels and releasing energy. The cell uses that energy to make ATP and NADPH. Water splitting, also called hydrolysis, replaces the lost electrons in chlorophyll. This process releases oxygen into the atmosphere and helps keep the flow of electrons going.</p>

<p class="jove_content">The light-independent reactions take place in the stroma. They use ATP and NADPH from the first stage to build a three-carbon sugar from carbon dioxide. That sugar can then be turned into glucose or other biomolecules. This is also called carbon fixation or carbon sequestration because carbon is pulled from the atmosphere and stored in living molecules.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Photosynthesis plays a major role in the carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide moves between reservoirs at a steady pace, but changes in that flow can upset the balance. Because carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, more of it in the atmosphere can raise temperatures. Much of the extra carbon dioxide comes from burning fossil fuels, which returns ancient carbon to the air very quickly.</p>

<p class="jove_content">Forests and ocean algae help lower carbon dioxide levels, so deforestation is a serious concern in a changing climate. Scientists are also studying artificial photosynthesis as a way to make carbon-neutral biofuels. Like solar panels, these methods take energy from the sun and store it as chemical energy instead of electricity. Researchers have also used photosynthetic bacteria to make simple sugars, lactic acid, biodegradable plastics, and even medically useful compounds, including substances studied for cancer diagnosis and treatment.</p>

Photosynthesis: Light, Sugars, and Carbon

Автотрофы

Почти все живые организмы на Земле зависят от фотосинтеза, который представляет собой процесс, преобразующий энергию солнечного света в простой сахар, называемый ...

Проверьте свое понимание Фотосинтез с помощью этой оценочной викторины по Biology на JoVE Lab Manual. Охватывает ключевые концепции с помощью видео-вопросов, разработанных для оценки обучения студентов.

Фотосинтез в Biology - оценочная викторина | JoVE Lab Manual

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Студенческий протокол по Фотосинтез в Biology - Более 32K просмотров | JoVE Lab Manual

Compounds Essential to Human Function

The human body is composed of cells that are fundamentally made up of several different molecules. These molecules are essential to carry out all ...

Macromolecules

Biomolecules
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Nucleic Acid Structure

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ATP Energy Storage and Release

ATP and Macromolecule Synthesis

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Construct an explanation to illustrate relationships between structure and function of major macromolecules essential for life.

LS.Bio.1.1

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Ribozymes

Carry out investigations to illustrate how enzymes act as catalysts for biochemical reactions and how environmental factors affect enzyme activity.

LS.Bio.1.2

What are Cells?

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium or trillions of them, ...

Cell Size

Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (&#x3BC;m)and are considerably smaller than most ...

Eukaryotic Compartmentalization

One of the distinguishing features of eukaryotic cells is that they contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus and mitochondria, that carry ...

Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains&#x2014;Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common organisms, such as ...

Cytoplasm

The cytoplasm consists of organelles and a framework of protein scaffolds called the cytoskeleton suspended in an aqueous solution, the cytosol. The ...

The Nucleus

The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that acts as a control center in a eukaryotic cell. It contains chromosomal DNA, which controls gene expression ...

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Endoplasmic ReticulumThe endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an extensive network of membranous sacs and tubules in eukaryotic cells, continuous with the outer ...

Ribosomes

Ribosomes translate genetic information encoded by messenger RNA (mRNA) into proteins. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have ribosomes. Cells that ...

Golgi Apparatus

As they leave the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), properly folded and assembled proteins are selectively packaged into vesicles. These vesicles are ...

Lysosomes

Lysosomes are membrane-enclosed spherical sacs derived from the Golgi apparatus. The most important function of the lysosome is degrading macromolecules ...

Peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration&#x2014;the ...

Introduction to the Cytoskeleton

Overview of the Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments present within the cell, having three distinct filaments ...

Introduction to Actin

Actin is a highly conserved cytoskeletal protein found abundantly in eukaryotic cells. It constitutes 10% weight of the total cellular protein in muscle ...

Cell Structure

Background
Cells represent the most basic biological units of all organisms, whether it be simple, single-celled organisms like bacteria, or large, ...

overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

Overview of Myosin Structure and Function

Myosins are a family of molecular motor proteins, first identified in the skeletal muscles, where they are responsible for muscle contraction. Along with ...

Visualizing Onion and Cheek Cells
ExpandImmediately before the experiment, wash and peel onion bulbs for the class.
Remove the entire brown outer skin and ...

Microtubules

Microtubules are the thickest cytoskeletal filaments with a diameter of 25 nm. In prokaryotic organisms, microtubules are commonly found in locomotory ...

The Structure of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are one of three widely studied cytoskeletal filaments. They are so named as their diameter (10 nm) is in between that of ...

Types of Intermediate Filaments

The intermediate filaments are an essential component of the cytoskeleton. Presently six types of intermediate filament have been identified. Type I and ...

Gap Junctions

Multicellular organisms employ a variety of ways for cells to communicate with each other. Gap junctions are specialized proteins that form pores between ...

The Extracellular Matrix

In order to maintain tissue organization, many animal cells are surrounded by structural molecules that make up the extracellular matrix (ECM). Together, ...

Tissues

Cells with similar structure and function are grouped into tissues. A group of tissues with a specialized function is called an organ. There are four main ...

Plant Cell Wall

The plant cell wall gives plant cells shape, support, and protection. As a cell matures, its cell wall specializes according to the cell type. For ...

Plasmodesmata

The organs in a multicellular organism&#x2019;s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way ...

Use models to explain how the structure of organelles determines its function and supports overall cell processes.

LS.Bio.1.3

Cells are the smallest and basic units of life, whether it is a single cell that forms the entire organism, e.g., in a bacterium, or trillions of them, ...

the-tree-of-life-bacteria-archaea-and-eukaryotes

The Tree of Life - Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryotes

Prokaryotes are small unicellular organisms that include the domains &#8212; Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include many common microorganisms, such as ...

Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells represent two fundamental types of cellular organization, differing significantly in structure, complexity, and function. ...

Construct explanations to compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of structures and degree of complexity.

LS.Bio.1.4

The DNA Helix

Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is the genetic material responsible for passing traits from generation to generation in all organisms and most viruses. DNA ...

The Central Dogma

The central dogma explains the flow of genetic information from DNA nucleotides to the amino acid sequence of proteins.
RNA is the Missing Link Between ...

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised&#160; of nucleotides and proteins are ...

RNA Structure

The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form ...

Types of RNA

Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse ...

Transcription

Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. ...

Construct an explanation to summarize how DNA and RNA direct the synthesis of proteins.

LS.Bio.1.5

Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Leaf Pigment Prep for Chromatography Labs

Learning Objectives

Что такое фотосинтез?

Lab Prep

Transcript

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