Name: nuclear dna and cell control
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:03.000Z
Duration: 1 min 32 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

from-molecules-to-organisms-structures-and-processes

From Molecules to Organisms- Structures and Processes

LS.Bio.1.3

The Nucleus

ядро, заметный элемент клетки эукариотов, является ограниченной мембраной органеллой, которая содержит генетическую информацию, ДНК, которые организованы в зависимости от различий по фазе жизненного цикла клетки. Например, белковые комплексы ДНК, известные как хроматин, подвешены в нуклеоплазме, гелеподобном веществе, и особенно сконцентрированы в регионе, называемом нуклеолом, или ядрышком. Когда клетка не делится, волокна хроматина свободно расположены и напоминают запутанные нити, для облегчения доступа к ДНК во время транскрипции.В отличие от этого, когда клетка собирается разделиться, волокна хроматина сжаты в хромосомы. Нуклеол также имеет субъединицы рибосом, структур, необходимых для трансляции. Вокруг ядра находится двойная мембрана ядерной оболочки, которая содержит поры с белковой выстилкой, для управления потоком ионов молекул, рибосомных частей, и РНК-мессенджером между внутренней нуклеоплазмой и цитоплазмой.В то время как большинство клеток в теле имеет одно ядро, у некоторых, например, красных кровяных телец, уже нет ядра. В то же время у других, таких как клетки скелетных мышц, более одного ядра, в связи со структурными и функциональными потребностями.

Педерсон, Тору. «Введение ядра». Перспективы Колд-Спринг-Харбор в биологии 3, No 5 (май 2011 г.). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1101/cshperspect.a000521" target="__blank">Источник</a>]
Гуо, Тунгтонг и Юда Фанг. «Функциональная организация и динамика клеточного ядра». Frontiers in Plant Science 5 (12 августа 2014 г.). [<a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00378" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Ядро

Ядро является мембранной органеллой, которая содержит генетические инструкции эукариотического организма в виде хромосомной ДНК. Это отличается от ДНК в митохондриях или хлоропластах, которые выполняют функции, характерные для этих органелл. В то время как некоторые клетки, такие как красные кровяные тельца, не имеют ядра, а другие, такие как клетки скелетных мышц, имеют несколько ядер, большинство эукариотических клеток имеют одно ядро.

ДНК в ядре обернута вокруг белков, таких как гистоны, создавая ДНК-белковый комплекс под названием хроматин. Когда клетки не делятся, то есть, когда они находятся в межфазной части их клеточного цикла- хроматин организован диффузно. Это позволяет легко получить доступ к ДНК во время процесса транскрипции при синтезе РНК-мессенджера (мРНК) на основе кода ДНК. Когда эукариотическая клетка вот-вот разделится, хроматин плотно конденсируется в различные, линейные хромосомы. Всего у людей 46 хромосом.

Хроматин особенно сконцентрирован в области ядра, называемой нуклеолом. Нуклеол важен для выработки рибосом, которые переводят мРНК в белок. В ядре, рибосомная РНК синтезируется и в сочетании с белками для создания рибосомных субъединиц, которые позже образуют функционирующие рибосомы в цитоплазме клетки.

Интерьер ядра наполнен гелеобразным веществом, называемым нуклеоплазмой. Двойная мембрана, состоящая из двух липидных бислоёв, называемая ядерной оболочкой, окружает ядро. Небольшие белковые отверстия, называемые порами, украшают ядерную оболочку, контролируя, какие вещества могут проникать и выходить из ядра. Например, поры позволяют мРНК покинуть ядро, поэтому она может путешествовать в рибосомы, чтобы направить перевод белка.

Ядро представляет собой связанную с мембраной органеллу, которая действует как центр управления в эукариотической клетке. Он содержит хромосомную ДНК, которая контролирует экспрессию генов ...

Education

JoVE Core

Биология

Cellular Processes

Клеточные процессы

Cell Structure and Function

Строение и функции клетки

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

nuclear dna and cell control

The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA. That DNA helps control gene expression and regulate protein production in the cell.

Not all cellular DNA has the same role. The DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts supports functions that are specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA structure also affects how genes are regulated.

Nuclear DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This forms chromatin, a DNA-protein complex. During interphase, when the cell is not dividing, chromatin stays loosely arranged. This open form makes the DNA easier to access during transcription.

When a eukaryotic cell prepares to divide, chromatin changes shape. It condenses into distinct, linear chromosomes. These chromosomes can then be separated into daughter cells.

The nucleus also contains the nucleolus. This is a membrane-less organelle that forms around the chromosomal loci for ribosomal RNA, or rRNA. The nucleolus is the site where rRNA is made and ribosomal subunits are assembled. These subunits leave the nucleus and later combine to form functional ribosomes.

Other nuclear bodies are found in the nucleus as well. These include Cajal bodies, speckles, and paraspeckles. They help organize the nuclear space and create separate sites for specific biological reactions. Their membrane-less structure also allows contents to move more easily with the nucleoplasm.

Nuclear DNA and Cell Control

what are cells?

Cell Membrane, DNA, and Organelles

Cells are the basic units of life, from a bacterium made of one cell to a human made of trillions. Even though organisms can differ greatly, their cells share key features that support life. A cell has a plasma membrane, which is a lipid bilayer that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment. It also contains DNA, the genetic material that carries instructions for the cell. In prokaryotic cells, DNA is found in a region called the nucleoid. In eukaryotic cells, DNA is enclosed...

cell size

Why Cell Size Is Limited

Cell size is limited by surface area and diffusion. Cells vary widely in size, both between organisms and within the same organism. Bacterial cells are usually 1 to 10 micrometers wide, and the smallest bacteria can be 0.1 micrometers in diameter. That is about a thousand times smaller than most eukaryotic cells, which are typically 10 to 100 micrometers across. A cell takes in nutrients and water through diffusion across the plasma membrane or through channels in the membrane. The membrane...

eukaryotic compartmentalization

Cell Organelles and Microenvironments

Eukaryotic cells use membrane-bound organelles to keep cell processes organized. The nucleus and mitochondria are two key examples. Because biological membranes are selectively permeable, they create controlled spaces inside each organelle. These small microenvironments support specialized jobs and separate them from the surrounding cytosol. Different organelles maintain different internal conditions. In animal cells, lysosomes keep an acidic environment that helps their enzymes digest...

prokaryotic cells

Prokaryotic Cell Structures

Prokaryotic cells are small, single-celled organisms found in the domains Archaea and Bacteria. Bacteria include familiar species such as Salmonella and E. coli. Archaea include extremophiles, which are organisms that live in harsh environments like volcanic springs. Prokaryotic cells share several basic features with eukaryotic cells. They are surrounded by a plasma membrane, contain cytoplasm, and have ribosomes that make proteins. Their genetic material is a single, circular DNA molecule.

cytoplasm

Cytoplasm and the Cell’s Internal Framework

The cytoplasm is the cell’s internal space that holds organelles and the cytoskeleton. It is suspended in the cytosol, an aqueous fluid made of water, ions, salts, and many organic molecules. Together, these parts create the environment where key cell activities happen. The cytoplasm is also a major site for protein synthesis and folding. The water-based cytosol helps proteins fold correctly. Hydrophobic amino acid side chains tend to hide in the protein core, while hydrophilic amino acids...

endoplasmic reticulum

ER in Protein and Lipid Transport

The endoplasmic reticulum is a membrane network in eukaryotic cells. It is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus. This connection helps link nuclear and cytoplasmic processes and supports efficient movement inside the cell. mRNA can move from the nucleus to ribosomes, which helps protein synthesis happen efficiently. The ER is a major site for making, processing, and distributing biomolecules. The rough endoplasmic reticulum has ribosomes attached to its surface. These ribosomes...

ribosomes

How Ribosomes Build Proteins

Ribosomes build proteins by reading messenger RNA, or mRNA, and linking amino acids in the right order. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells contain ribosomes. Cells that make large amounts of protein, such as secretory cells in the human pancreas, can have millions of them. Ribosomes are made of ribosomal RNA, or rRNA, and proteins. In eukaryotic cells, rRNA is transcribed from genes in the nucleolus, a part of the nucleus that specializes in making ribosomes. There, rRNA combines with...

golgi apparatus

Protein Sorting in the Golgi Apparatus

The Golgi apparatus sorts and modifies proteins after they leave the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Properly folded and assembled proteins are packaged into vesicles, or small membrane sacs, and moved by microtubule-based motor proteins. These vesicles can fuse into vesicular tubular clusters before reaching the Golgi, which often looks like a ribbon-shaped organelle in eukaryotic cells. Vesicles enter the cis face of the Golgi, the side facing the ER. They pass through a set of pancake-shaped...

peroxisomes

Peroxisomes and Cellular Detoxification

Peroxisomes and mitochondria are two important oxygen-utilizing organelles in eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria carry out cellular respiration, which turns energy from food into ATP. Peroxisomes focus on breaking down substances such as fatty acids and other materials the cell needs to process. A peroxisome is a single membrane-bound organelle. It helps with lipid metabolism and chemical detoxification. Enzymes inside peroxisomes move hydrogen atoms from molecules to oxygen. This reaction...

microtubules

Microtubules in Cells and Cell Movement

Microtubules are cytoskeletal fibers that help cells keep their shape, move materials, and divide. They are the thickest of the three main cytoskeletal structures in eukaryotic cells, with a diameter of about 25 nm. Along with microfilaments and intermediate filaments, they form the internal support network of the cell. Microtubules are hollow tubes built from tubulin proteins. Each tubulin molecule is a heterodimer, which means it has two different parts: α-tubulin and β-tubulin. These dimers...

plant cell wall

Plant Cell Walls in Growth and Support

Plant cell walls help plant cells keep their shape, stay protected, and remain supported. As a cell matures, its wall can change based on the cell type. Parenchyma cells in leaves usually have only a thin primary cell wall. These walls are part of how different plant cells take on different jobs. Collenchyma and sclerenchyma cells are found mostly in the outer layers of stems and leaves. Collenchyma cells add strength by partially thickening the primary cell wall. Sclerenchyma cells provide...

plasmodesmata

Plasmodesmata and Plant Cell Communication

Plasmodesmata are the connections that let plant cells communicate directly. These tiny passageways link neighboring cells through the cell wall and help tissues work together in a multicellular plant. Cells in multicellular organisms must communicate to function as a unit. One way they do this is through intercellular junctions, which are contact points between adjacent cells. Fungal, plant, and animal cells all have intercellular junctions, but the types differ. In animal cells, the main...

the nucleus

The nucleus is the control center of a eukaryotic cell. It is a membrane-bound organelle that contains chromosomal DNA. That DNA helps control gene expression and regulate protein production in the cell. Not all cellular DNA has the same role. The DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts supports functions that are specific to those organelles. Inside the nucleus, DNA structure also affects how genes are regulated. Nuclear DNA is wrapped around proteins called histones. This forms chromatin, a...

the extracellular matrix

How ECM Supports Animal Tissues

The extracellular matrix (ECM) supports animal tissues by surrounding cells with structural molecules. It helps maintain tissue organization and gives tissues their specific physical properties. The ECM includes a gel-like ground substance, fibrous components, and many molecules with different jobs. A major part of the ECM is made of glycosaminoglycans, or GAGs. These polysaccharides fill much of the extracellular space and can take up a large volume for their mass. That makes the matrix...

gap junctions

Connexins and Cell-to-Cell Signaling

Gap junctions help animal cells send signals and share small materials with nearby cells. They are made of special proteins that form pores between neighboring cells and connect their cytoplasm. Through these channels, cells can exchange ions and other small molecules. These communication channels are found in many invertebrate and vertebrate species. They support important processes such as cell differentiation and development. They are also linked to human diseases, including disorders of...

tissues

Body Tissues and Their Jobs

Body tissues are groups of cells with similar structure and function. When different tissues work together, they form an organ with a specialized job. Vertebrates have four main tissue types: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous tissue. Epithelial tissue is made of thin sheets of cells. It covers the skin and lines internal organs and body cavities. These cells are tightly packed, so they help protect against injury, infection, and water loss. Epithelial tissue may be simple, with one...

key terms and concepts

Explore how the nucleus stores DNA, controls gene expression, packages chromatin, forms chromosomes, and builds ribosomal subunits in high school cells.

Nuclear DNA and Cell Control | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

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Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

Structure and Function

3.1.9-12.A

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Cells

Cell structure and function

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.3

BIO.3.a

Arizona Science Standards

High School

HS+B.L1

HS+B.L1U1.4

Alabama Course of Study Science

From Molecules to Organisms: Structures and Processes

9-12.B.1.1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.14

SC.912.L.14.2

SC.912.L.14.3

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New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS1-1.

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-LS1-1

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Cytoplasm

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Ribosomes

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Golgi Apparatus

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Lysosomes

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overview-of-myosin-structure-and-function

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Analyze how the relationship between structure and function supports life processes within organisms.

Nuclear DNA and Cell Control

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