Name: ecosystem zones and climate
Uploaded: 2019-03-11T09:21:39.000Z
Duration: 1 min 17 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.4.1

What is an Ecosystem?

экосистемы являются суммой всех взаимодействий между биотическими, живыми, и абиотическими, неживыми, факторами окружающей среды. Они попадают в одну из двух общих категорий, наземных или водных. Основные виды экосистем известны как биомы.Земные биомы, такие пустыни, тропические леса, и тундра, подразделяются на категории по двум основным факторам, ежегодному уровню осадков и температуре. Из водных биомов, пресноводные наиболее редкие, такие как озера, реки, протоки и ручьи, составляющие меньше 2%поверхности Земли. Даже в этом случае эти экосистемы состоят из огромного разнообразия животных и растений.Биомы океана, которые составляют 75%поверхности Земли, включают в себя мелководья, открытую поверхность океана и глубокий океан. Мелководья поддерживают большую часть разнообразия океана в экосистемах коралловых рифов. Поверхность открытого океана поддерживает многих из фотосинтезирующих организмов Земли, и даже глубокий океан содержит ряд организмов, несмотря на то, что свет не может туда проникнуть.

Мерфи, Бретт., Алан Н. Андерсен и Кэтрин Л. Парр. «Недооцененное биоразнообразие тропических травянистых биомов». Философские труды Королевского общества B: Биологические науки 371, No 1703 (19 сентября 2016 г.). [<a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4978875/" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Хаддад, Ник М., Ларс А. Брудвига, Жан Клоберт, Кенди Ф. Дэвис, Эндрю Гонсалес, Роберт Д. Холт, Томас Э. Лавджой и др. "Фрагментация среды обитания и ее долгосрочное воздействие на экосистемы Земли." Science Advances 1, No2 (1 марта 2015 г.): e1500052. [<a href="https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1500052" target="__blank">Источник</a>]

Что такое экосистема?

<h4> Обзор </h4>

 Экосистема - это взаимодействие между всеми абиотическими и биотическими факторами окружающей среды, и их можно разделить на наземные или водные. Наземные экосистемы классифицируются в зависимости от климата, включая годовую температуру, количество осадков и сезонность. Водные экосистемы делятся на пресноводные и морские, а затем по глубине, что влияет на температуру воды и количество солнечного света, проникающего в воду. 

<h4> Наземные экосистемы </h4>

 Наземные экосистемы подразделяются на биомы, которые характеризуются как климатом окружающей среды, так и типами организмов, которые там обитают. Области около экватора Земли, которые демонстрируют высокие сезонные температуры и большое количество годовых осадков, являются тропическими лесами и являются одними из самых разнообразных мест обитания в мире. Экосистемы с высокими температурами, но с дефицитом годовых осадков - это пустыни. Хотя пустынные экосистемы обладают этими характеристиками, их биоразнообразие может сильно различаться. 

 С другой стороны, экосистема с очень низкими годовыми температурами и малым годовым количеством осадков - это арктический биом. У этой экосистемы самое низкое биоразнообразие. Между этими тремя основными биомами находятся экосистемы сезонной тундры, пастбищ умеренного пояса и саванны. Эти экосистемы демонстрируют колебательные годовые изменения как температуры, так и количества осадков, и служат убежищем для животных и растений, специально адаптированных к этим сезонным изменениям. 

<h4> Пресноводные экосистемы </h4>

 Водные экосистемы делятся на две категории: пресноводные и морские. Пресноводные экосистемы - самая редкая из экосистем, составляющих около 2% поверхности Земли, - это озера, реки, ручьи и водно-болотные угодья. Основными факторами, влияющими на биоразнообразие в этих экосистемах, являются приток воды, температура и глубина. 

 Мелководье у краев прудов и озер называется литоральной зоной. Прибрежная зона является самой теплой зоной водоема и включает в себя многих производителей, потребителей и животных, ведущих как наземный, так и водный образ жизни. Лимнетическая зона, или глубоководная поверхность, хорошо освещена и в ней преобладает планктон. Глубокая зона, или глубокая вода, в основном состоит из организмов, которые поедают мертвые организмы и не фотосинтезируют, поскольку в глубину проникает мало света. 

 В ручьях и реках вода течет быстро, рециркулируя кислород, а также сохраняя воду относительно прохладной. Разнообразие видов связано с шириной и глубиной реки, при этом более крупные участки реки более разнообразны, чем более узкие участки. Наконец, водно-болотные угодья - это участки неглубокой стоячей воды, такие как болота, топи и трясины, для которых характерна часто жаркая и влажная среда. Эти экосистемы обладают самым высоким биоразнообразием среди всех пресноводных экосистем, включая множество растений, животных, грибов и бактерий. 

<h4> Морские экосистемы </h4>

 Морские экосистемы - наиболее распространенные, составляющие почти 75% поверхности Земли, - отличаются от пресноводных экосистем из-за высокой солености воды. Они также разделены на основе глубины воды: мелководье, глубоководье и глубины океана. Самая разнообразная из этих экосистем - мелководье, на котором обитает большая часть коралловых рифов мира и связанных с ними морских обитателей. Помимо мелководья, в глубоководных областях океана также обитает множество морских обитателей - из-за количества проникающего солнечного света - в том числе планктон, который выполняет около 40% всего фотосинтеза на Земле. 

 Из-за минимального количества света, проникающего в глубины воды, экосистема глубинного океана содержит менее разнообразный, но часто необычный набор организмов, адаптированных к темноте и высоким давлениям. Эта экосистема также наименее известна из всех экосистем из-за огромного пространства, которое она занимает. Однако теперь ученые могут исследовать эту границу благодаря новым технологиям, таким как управляемое человеком устройство Элвин. В настоящее время этот аппарат позволяет исследователям получать доступ к 2/3 дна океана на глубину до 4500 м. 

<h4>Динамика экосистем</h4>

Независимо от характеристик конкретной экосистемы, все они имеют одинаковые динамические процессы , такие как преобразование энергии и материи через фотосинтез и пищевые цепочки между организмами. Экосистемы питаются от постоянного притока солнечной энергии, которая течет через экосистему в то время как материя перерабатывается.

Обзор

Экосистема представляет собой взаимодействие между всеми абиотическими и биотическими факторами в окружающей среде и может быть классифицирована как наземная или водная. ...

Education

JoVE Core

Biology

Биология

Ecology

Экология

Ecosystems

Экосистемы

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

ecosystem zones and climate

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water.

Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual rainfall, so they support some of the most diverse habitats on Earth. Deserts also have high temperatures, but they receive too little rainfall, so their biodiversity can vary widely. At the other end, the arctic biome has very low temperatures and low rainfall, and it has the lowest biodiversity.

Between these major biomes are tundra, temperate grassland, and savanna ecosystems. These areas show yearly changes in temperature and rainfall. The plants and animals there are adapted to those seasonal shifts.

Freshwater ecosystems are the rarest ecosystems and cover about 2% of Earth’s surface. They include lakes, rivers, streams, and wetlands. Water flow, temperature, and depth shape the biodiversity in these systems.

In ponds and lakes, the littoral zone is the shallow edge. It is the warmest part of the water body and contains many producers, consumers, and animals that live both on land and in water. The limnetic zone is the deep-water surface and gets enough light for plankton. The profundal zone is deeper water, where little light reaches and organisms often feed on dead matter rather than photosynthesize.

Streams and rivers move quickly. This flow adds oxygen to the water and helps keep it cool. Biodiversity also depends on river width and depth, and larger sections are usually more diverse than narrow ones. Wetlands are shallow areas of standing water, such as marshes, swamps, and bogs. They are often hot and moist and have the highest biodiversity of the freshwater ecosystems, with many plants, animals, fungi, and bacteria.

Marine ecosystems are the most common and cover almost 75% of Earth’s surface. They differ from freshwater ecosystems because of high salinity. Marine systems are also divided by depth into shallow ocean, deep ocean surface, and deep ocean water. Shallow water is the most diverse and includes most coral reefs and their associated marine life.

The deep ocean surface still receives enough sunlight to support many organisms, including plankton. Plankton carries out around 40% of all photosynthesis on Earth. In the deep ocean, light is limited, so the ecosystem has fewer species, but many are unusual and adapted to darkness and high pressure. It is also the least known ecosystem because it covers such a large area. New tools, such as the human occupied vehicle Alvin, now let scientists explore this frontier and reach about 2/3 of the ocean floor down to 4,500 m.

All ecosystems share the movement of energy and matter through photosynthesis and feeding relationships. Solar energy enters the ecosystem and moves through living things. Matter is recycled as organisms interact and feed.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

what is an ecosystem?

Ecosystems are shaped by living and nonliving parts of an environment, and they can be grouped as terrestrial or aquatic. Terrestrial ecosystems depend on climate. Aquatic ecosystems are divided into freshwater and marine systems, and depth affects water temperature and how much sunlight reaches the water. Terrestrial ecosystems are called biomes. A biome is defined by climate and by the organisms that live there. Near the equator, rainforests have high, aseasonal temperatures and high annual...

trophic levels

Food Chains and Energy Flow

Food chains show how energy and nutrients move through an ecosystem. Each organism holds a trophic level, or a specific place in that chain. The lowest level includes primary producers, which make their own food using energy from the sun or from chemicals. Organisms at the next levels are heterotrophs, which get energy from other organisms below them. Primary consumers are herbivores, and they feed on autotrophs, also called primary producers. Secondary and tertiary consumers are carnivores...

primary production

GPP, NPP, and Ecosystem Energy

Gross primary production and net primary production describe how energy enters and moves through ecosystems. Primary producers, or autotrophs, make their own food. They can do this by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis, and they can also gain energy by consuming other organisms. The rate at which producers capture and store this energy is called gross primary production, or GPP. Not all of the energy in GPP stays available to the rest of the ecosystem. Primary producers use some energy for...

production efficiency

Energy Transfer as Biomass Efficiency

Net production efficiency shows how much energy organisms turn into biomass for the next trophic level. It focuses on the usable energy stored in body tissue, not the energy lost as heat or excreted wastes. This makes it a key idea for understanding energy flow through ecosystems. As energy moves from one organism to the next, only biomass can serve as food for the next trophic level. The rest of the energy is used in metabolism and is lost over time. Net production efficiency, or NPE, is the...

trophic efficiency

Energy Loss in Food Chains

Trophic level transfer efficiency describes how much energy moves from one level of a food chain to the next. It shows why energy drops sharply as organisms eat and are eaten. In most ecosystems, only about 10% of the energy passes on. This energy loss follows the second law of thermodynamics. In living systems, much of the energy is lost as metabolic heat during respiration. Trophic level transfer efficiency, or TLTE, measures this transfer by comparing the energy produced at one trophic...

what are biogeochemical cycles?

Nutrient Recycling in Ecosystems

Nutrient recycling in ecosystems keeps the elements needed for life moving through living and nonliving parts of the environment. Elements such as water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus are present in limited amounts, so they must be conserved and reused. These movements are called biogeochemical cycles. These nutrients can exist in several chemical forms. They may spend long periods in the atmosphere, on land, under the land, or in aquatic environments. Decomposition is a key part of...

the water cycle

Water Movement Through Earth Systems

Water movement through Earth systems connects the hydrosphere, the atmosphere, the land, and living things. The hydrosphere includes every place where water is stored or moves. Because water supports living processes, its movement is important for ecosystem dynamics. The cycle starts when the sun warms surface water on land and in the oceans. That water evaporates and enters the atmosphere as vapor. Water can also move into the air by sublimation, which is ice changing directly into vapor, and...

the carbon cycle

Carbon Movement in Living Systems

Carbon moves through living systems and Earth over short and long time scales. It is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and it cycles through ecosystems by passing between organisms and by moving through rocks, oceans, and the atmosphere. Human activities, including farming and burning fossil fuels, have changed this balance. In the biological carbon cycle, carbon dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with water to form bicarbonate. Primary producers, or autotrophs, use carbon dioxide and...

the nitrogen cycle

Nitrogen in Soil and Living Things

Nitrogen in soil and living things moves through ecosystems in several forms. Nitrogen atoms are found in proteins and DNA. Most animals and plants cannot use nitrogen gas, which is the main form of nitrogen on Earth. Nitrogen must first be changed into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can move through food webs. About 78% of the air we breathe is nitrogen gas, but few organisms can use it in that form. Nitrogen fixation changes nitrogen gas (N2) into ammonia (NH3).

the phosphorus cycle

Phosphorus Movement in Soil and Water

Phosphorus moves through ecosystems mostly as phosphate ions in soil, water, sediment, and rocks. Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, it is not found in the atmosphere as a gas. It is also often a limiting nutrient, which means it is in short supply in many environments. Phosphorus is important in DNA, cell membranes, bones, and teeth. It is found in minerals, sediment, volcanic ash, and aerosols. As rocks and sediment weather over time, they release inorganic phosphate. That phosphate then...

the sulfur cycle

Sulfur in Ecosystems and Acid Rain

Sulfur moves through ecosystems as part of the chemical cycle that supports life. It is an important element in proteins and in amino acids such as cysteine, which helps give proteins their structure. On land, sulfur reaches ecosystems in several ways. Weak sulfuric acid can fall with precipitation, sulfur can drop directly from the atmosphere, rocks can weather and release sulfur, and geothermal vents can add it as well. Plants and microorganisms take sulfur up from the soil and change it...

bioremediation

Bioremediation in Soil and Oil Cleanup

Bioremediation uses prokaryotes, fungi, or plants to remove pollutants from the environment. It is a practical way to reduce harmful chemicals in contaminated soil and water. In agriculture, fertilizers and pesticides can leach into groundwater, streams, and lakes. Microbes and bacteria can help break down these toxins. One example is atrazine, an environmental toxin found in many fertilizers, which can be removed from soils by the bacterial species Rhizobium and Tricoderma sp. Bioremediation...

key terms and concepts

Explore how climate, depth, and sunlight shape terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems, from rainforests to the deep ocean.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

ESS.EES.4.2

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Earth and Space Science

3.3.9-12.N

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

matter-and-energy-in-organisms-and-ecosystems

Matter and Energy in Organisms and Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.H

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Systems

HS-ESS2-7

Life Sciences

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

HS-LS2-6

Environmental Science

Resources And Resource Management

HS-EVS1-1

Environmental Awareness And Protection

HS-EVS2-3

HS-LS2-4

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Physical Geology

Earth's Resources

Soil and sediment

Tennessee Academic Standards

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

BIO1.LS2.4

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.8

BIO.8.b

BIO.8.c

ES.8

ES.8.b

ES.8.d

ES.10

ES.10.a

LS.5

LS.5.b

LS.7

LS.7.a

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Arizona Science Standards

HS.L2

HS.L2U1.19

Alabama Course of Study Science

Ecosystems: Interactions Energy and Dynamics

9-12.B.2.6

Unity and Diversity

9-12.EVS.2.3

9-12.EVS.3.4

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-ESS2-1

HS-ESS2-2

HS-ESS2-6

Earth and Human Activity

HS-ESS3-1

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.E.7

SC.912.E.7.3

SC.912.E.7.4

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.7

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.B

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

Earth and Space Science (ESS)

E-ESS3-1.

E-ESS3-2.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

SEV1.

SEV1.b

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

HS-LS2-3.

HS-LS2-4.

HS-LS2-2.

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.d

Oceanography

SO3.

SO3.2

SO3.3

SEC1.

SEC1.a

SB5.c

myJoVE Corporation

Igneous Volcanic Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are the products of cooling and crystallization of magma. Volcanic rocks ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

Igneous Intrusive Rock

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Igneous rocks are products of the cooling and crystallization of high temperature ...

using-topographic-maps-to-generate-topographic-profiles

Using Topographic Maps to Generate Topographic Profiles

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Topographic maps are &#34;plan-view&#34; representations of Earth&#39;s ...

determining-spatial-orientation-rock-layers-with-brunton

Determining Spatial Orientation of Rock Layers with the Brunton Compass

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Most rock units exhibit some form of planar surfaces or linear features. Examples ...

Making a Geologic Cross Section

Source: Laboratory of Alan Lester - University of Colorado Boulder
Geologic maps were first made and utilized in Europe, in the mid-to-late 18th century. ...

Use models to explain how mantle convection powers plate tectonics.

ESS.EES.2.1

Analyze and interpret data to predict locations of volcanoes and earthquakes based on plate boundaries.

ESS.EES.2.2

an-overview-of-alkenone-biomarker-analysis-for-paleothermometry

An Overview of Alkenone Biomarker Analysis for Paleothermometry

Source: Laboratory of Jeff Salacup&#160;- University of Massachusetts Amherst
Throughout this series of videos, natural samples were extracted and ...

Topographic Surveying and Contours

Topographic surveying is critical for documenting the Earth's surface, focusing on capturing elevations, slopes, and natural and man-made features. It is ...

Plotting of Topographic Maps

Topographic maps represent the Earth's surface features using contour lines, which connect points of equal elevation to create a two-dimensional ...

Methods of Obtaining Topography

Topography involves measuring and mapping land elevations, natural features, and artificial structures to create accurate representations of the terrain. ...

Use models to explain how plate tectonics influence topography.

ESS.EES.2.3

The Soil Ecosystem

Plants obtain inorganic minerals and water from the soil, which acts as a natural medium for land plants. The composition and quality of soil depend not ...

Conditions on Early Earth

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

Carry out investigations to explain how the rock cycle and rates of weathering, erosion, and soil formation influence Earth's systems.

ESS.EES.2.4

Analyze how the geosphere is shaped by plate tectonics and the rock cycle.

Ecosystem Zones and Climate

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