Name: reading element symbols and isotope notation
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 31 s
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K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

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Chemistry

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Elements: Chemical Symbols and Isotopes

Элемент это чистое вещество, содержащее только один тип атомов. В настоящее время открыто 118 элементов, встречающихся в природе или синтезированных в лаборатории. Элементы существенно различаются по своему количеству.Наиболее распространенные элементы в земной коре это кислород, кремний, алюминий, железо и кальций. Для сравнения:атмосфера Земли в основном состоит из азота и кислорода. В периодической таблице каждая клетка содержит, как минимум, атомный номер и химический символ.Химический символ это одно-или двухбуквенное обозначение элемента. Первая буква должна быть заглавной, а вторая, если необходимо, строчной, чтобы избежать путаницы в случае с соединениями, содержащими два элемента. Часто этот символ является первой буквой или буквами английского названия элемента.Однако некоторые символы имеют греческие, латинские или немецкие корни. К химическому символу может быть добавлена дополнительная информация. Атомный номер, который также является числом протонов, указан в левом нижнем индексе.Он всегда одинаковый для данного элемента и иногда опускается, так как он не меняется. Массовое число число протонов и нейтронов указано в левом верхнем индексе. Это число определяет конкретный изотоп элемента, например углерод-12 или углерод-13.Изотоп это разновидность элемента, у которой количество нейтронов в ядре меняется, но количество протонов, а также атомный номер неизменны. Это приводит к разным атомным массам, но не влияет на заряд ядра. Например, элементарный водород имеет три встречающихся в природе изотопа:наиболее распространенная форма не содержит нейтронов;второй дейтерий содержит один нейтрон;и третий тритий содержит два нейтрона.В то время как стандартный атом водорода и дейтерий стабильны в естественных условиях, другие изотопы, такие как тритий, распадаются на другие вещества с выделением энергии. Они известны как радиоактивные изотопы.

<ol>
	<li>Потхуф, Джастин, Грейс Нгуен, Дон Арчи, Э. Прасад Венугопал и Марк А. Бенвенуто. "Элемент 118: Преподавание нового элемента новым студентам." В книге "Старые и новые элементы: открытия, разработки, проблемы и экологические последствия", стр. 195-201. Американское химическое общество, 2017.</li>
	<li>Кребс, Роберт Э. История и использование химических элементов нашей Земли: справочное руководство. Издательская группа Гринвуд, 2006.</li>
	<li>Клейтон, Дональд. Справочник по изотопам в космосе: от водорода до галлия. Том 1. Издательство Кембриджского университета, 2003.</li>
</ol>

Элементы: химические символы и изотопы

Химический символ — это аббревиатура, используемая для обозначения элемента или атома элемента. Например, символ ртути – Hg. Этот же символ используется для обозначения одного атома ртути (микроскопический домен) или для обозначения контейнера с множеством атомов элемента ртути (макроскопический домен). 
 
 Некоторые символы являются производными от принятого английского названия элемента; другие — аббревиатуры названия на другом языке — латинском, греческом или немецком. Например, символ алюминия (принятое название) — Al, а для железа — Fe, что связано с его латинским названием “Ferrum”. Большинство символов имеют одну или две буквы, но для описания некоторых элементов, имеющих атомные номера больше 112, используются трехбуквенные символы. Чтобы избежать путаницы с другими обозначениями, заглавной является только первая буква символа. Например, Co является символом элемента кобальта, но CO — это обозначение соединения моноксида углерода, которое содержит атомы элементов углерода (C) и кислорода (O). 
 
 Традиционно первооткрыватель (или первооткрыватели) нового элемента называют элемент. Однако, пока название не будет признано Международным союзом чистой и прикладной химии (IUPAC), рекомендуемое название нового элемента основано на латинском слове(ах) для его атомного номера. Например, элемент 106 назывался unnilhexium (UNH), элемент 107 назывался unnileptium (Uns), а элемент 108 назывался unniloctium (Uno) в течение нескольких лет. Эти элементы теперь названы в честь ученых (или иногда мест); например, элемент 106 теперь известен как Seaborgium (Sg) в честь Гленна Себорга, лауреата Нобелевской премии, который активно занимался открытием нескольких тяжелых элементов.  
 
 Каждый квадрат в периодической таблице содержит, как минимум, атомный номер, который также является числом протонов, и химический символ.  
 
 В случае изотопа номер массы или сумма протонов и нейтронов указываются вместе с символом и атомным номером. Номер массы определяет специфический изотоп элемента. Например, это два изотопа азота: 
 
 <img alt=""Eq1"" src=""https://www.jove.com/files/core/CDNSource/lessons/805/805_Equation_1.png"" style=""height: 25px;"" />
 
 Символ конкретного изотопа любого элемента записывается путем размещения массового числа в качестве надстрочного знака слева от символа элемента. Так как атомный номер определяет идентичность элемента, как и его символ, он часто пропускается. Например, магний существует как смесь из трех изотопов, каждый с атомным номером 12 и с массовыми числами 24, 25 и 26 соответственно. Эти изотопы могут быть определены как24Mg, 25Mg, и 26Mg. Эти обозначения изотопов читаются как “элемент, номер массы” и могут быть обозначены в соответствии с этим значением. Например, 24Mg читается как “магний 24” и может быть написан как “магний-24” или “Mg-24.” 25Mg читается как “магний 25,” и может быть записан как“магний-25” или “Mg-25.” Все атомы магния имеют 12 протонов в своем ядре. Они отличаются только потому, что атом 24Mg имеет 12 нейтронов в своем ядре, атом 25Mg имеет 13 нейтронов, а 26Mg имеет 14 нейтронов. 
 
 Обратите внимание, что в дополнение к стандартным названиям и символам, изотопы водорода часто ссылаются на использование общих названий и сопровождающих символов. Водород-2, который был назван 2H, также называется дейтерием и иногда представляется символом D. Hydrogen-3, который был назван 3H, также называется тритием и иногда представляется символом T. 
 
 Текст, адаптированный из <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-3-atomic-structure-and-symbolism"">Openstax Химия 2e, раздел 2.3: Атомная структура и символы.</a>"

Химический символ — это аббревиатура, используемая для обозначения элемента или атома элемента. Например, символом ртути является Hg. Таким же символом является...

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reading element symbols and isotope notation

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample.

Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum. Most symbols have one or two letters. Some elements with atomic numbers greater than 112 have used three-letter symbols.

Capital letters matter in chemical symbols. Only the first letter is capitalized to avoid confusion with other notation. Co means cobalt, but CO means carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide contains carbon, C, and oxygen, O. New element names are usually chosen by the discoverer, but they must be recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, or IUPAC.

Before IUPAC approves a new name, temporary names based on Latin number words may be used. Element 106 was called unnilhexium, with the symbol Unh. Element 107 was unnilseptium, Uns. Element 108 was unniloctium, Uno. These elements are now named after scientists or sometimes places. Element 106 is now seaborgium, Sg, named for Glenn Seaborg, who helped discover several heavy elements.

The periodic table gives key information in each square. It includes the atomic number and a chemical symbol. The atomic number is also the number of protons. For isotopes, the mass number is shown too. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons, and it identifies the specific isotope.

Isotope symbols place the mass number as a superscript to the left of the element symbol. The atomic number is often left out because the symbol already identifies the element. Magnesium has three isotopes: magnesium-24, magnesium-25, and magnesium-26. They can also be written as 24 Mg, 25 Mg, and 26 Mg. Each magnesium atom has 12 protons, but they differ in neutrons. Magnesium-24 has 12 neutrons, magnesium-25 has 13, and magnesium-26 has 14.

Hydrogen isotopes also have special names. Hydrogen-2, written as 2 H, is called deuterium and may also be shown as D. Hydrogen-3, written as 3 H, is called tritium and may also be shown as T. These names and symbols are commonly used alongside the standard isotope notation.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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the atomic theory of matter

Dalton’s Laws and Early Atomic Ideas

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elements: chemical symbols and isotopes

Chemical symbols and isotope notation help identify elements and their atoms. A chemical symbol is an abbreviation for an element or a single atom of that element. Mercury, for example, is written as Hg. The same symbol can point to one atom in the microscopic domain or to many atoms of the element in a container or sample. Many symbols come from the element’s common English name. Others come from Latin, Greek, or German names. Aluminum uses Al, while iron uses Fe from the Latin word Ferrum.

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	...

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Analyze and interpret data to explain the mechanisms and properties of the two main types of intramolecular (ionic and covalent) bonds.

PS.Chm.3.1

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Reading Element Symbols and Isotope Notation

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