Name: atomic elements, molecules, and bonds
Uploaded: 2020-09-03T13:38:25.000Z
Duration: 2 min 38 s
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K12 Standards

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North Carolina K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Chemistry

Matter and its Interactions

PS.Chm.3.3

Molecules and Compounds

В природе все вещество состоит из основных химических единиц, называемых элементами, обладающими определенными физическими и химическими свойствами. В периодической таблице перечислены в общей сложности 118 элементов, обнаруженных на сегодняшний день. Составной единицей каждого элемента является атом.Некоторые элементы, такие как гелий, неон, серебро или платина, существуют как независимые отдельные атомы. Другие элементы, такие как водород, кислород или сера, существуют в виде соединений из двух или более одинаковых атомов. Эти несколько атомов удерживаются вместе сильными электростатическими силами, называемыми химическими связями, образуя стабильные частицы, называемые молекулами.Кроме того, два или более разных элементов также могут объединяться с образованием молекул, таких как вода или фруктоза. Такие молекулы, образованные комбинацией атомов двух или более элементов, химически соединенных в фиксированном соотношении, также называются соединениями. Следовательно, молекулы воды и фруктозы также являются соединениями.Вода это молекула, состоящая из двух атомов водорода и одного атома кислорода. Напротив, фруктоза это молекула, которая содержит шесть атомов углерода, двенадцать атомов водорода и шесть атомов кислорода. Отдельные атомы в составе соединения удерживаются вместе химическими связями, определяющими тип образующегося соединения, например молекулярное или ионное соединение.Ковалентные молекулярные соединения, такие как вода, образуются, когда атомы неметаллов соединяются и делят свои валентные электроны при помощи ковалентной связи. Общие электроны двух атомов снижают потенциальную энергию и создают более стабильные молекулы по сравнению с отдельными атомами. Ионные соединения, такие как хлорид натрия, образуются при соединении атомов металла и неметалла.Металлы легко отдают электроны, становясь катионами, тогда как неметаллы легко принимают электроны, становясь анионами. Таким образом, атомы металла отдают электроны атомам неметаллов, и электростатические взаимодействия между противоположно заряженными ионами образуют ионные связи. Способность элементов образовывать соединения является основой большого разнообразия веществ, существующих в природе.

Молекулы и соединения

<h4>Atoms and Molecules</h4>
 
 Everything in the universe is made up of matter, and matter is composed of a combination of elements. An atom is the smallest unit of an <h4>Атомы и молекулы </h4>
 
 Все во вселенной состоит из материи, а материя состоит из сочетания элементов. Атом — это наименьшая единица элемента, сохраняющая все свойства элемента. Например, серебряная монета состоит из атомов серебра, и каждый атом серебра сохраняет уникальные свойства элемента — серебра.  
 
 Элементы являются чистыми веществами, состоящими из идентичных атомов, которые невозможно разбить на более простые вещества в результате химических изменений. Атомные элементы содержат одиночные атомы в качестве своей основной единицы. Углерод состоит из атомов углерода, а натрий состоит из атомов натрия.  Большинство элементов являются атомными элементами. Однако существует несколько элементов, которые существуют как комбинация атомов и никогда не встречаются в природе как отдельные атомы. Они называются молекулярными элементами. Молекулярные элементы существуют как молекулы с двумя или более атомами, связанными друг с другом. Они могут быть диатомными, такими как водород (H2), кислород (O2) или газ хлора (Cl2), или полиатомными, такими как сера (S8) и фосфор (P4).  
 
 Молекула состоит из двух или более атомов, соединенных сильными силами, называемыми химическими связями.  Молекула может состоять из двух или более идентичных атомов , или она может состоять из двух или более различных атомов.  Когда молекула состоит из атомов из двух или более различных элементов, которые объединены в фиксированные целые числа соотношений, молекула также является соединением. Например, вода является соединением, и каждая молекула воды (H2О) представляет собой единицу, которая содержит два атома водорода и один атом кислорода.  Молекула глюкозы (C6H12O6) также является соединением, которое содержит шесть атомов углерода, двенадцать атомов водорода и шесть атомов кислорода.  
 
 Соединения — это чистые вещества, состоящие из двух дополнительных элементов в фиксированных, определенных пропорциях. Соединения классифицируются как молекулярные или ионные на основе присутствующих связей.  
 
 <h4>Соединения </h4>
 
 Природа сил притяжения, которые удерживают атомы вместе в составе соединения, определяет тип образованной химической связи. Полная передача электронов между атомом металла и неметаллическим атомом приводит к образованию противоположно заряженных ионов. Электростатическое притяжение между ионами называется ионной связью, а соединения, образованные посредством ионных связей, являются ионными соединениями. Например, хлорид натрия NaCl является ионным соединением. 
 
 Распределение электронов между двумя или более неметаллическими атомами приводит к ковалентным связям, а соединения, образованные ковалентными связями, называются ковалентными или молекулярными соединениями. Ковалентные связи являются силами притяжения между положительно заряженными ядрами связанных атомов и отрицательно заряженными электронами, разделенными между атомами. 
 
 Этот текст адаптирован к <a href=""https://openstax.org/books/chemistry-2e/pages/2-6-molecular-and-ionic-compounds"">OpenStax Химия 2e, раздел 2.6: Молекулярные и ионные соединения.</a>"

Атомы и молекулы

Все во Вселенной состоит из материи, а материя состоит из комбинации элементов. Атом — это наименьшая единица ...

Education

JoVE Core

Химия

Один

Molecules, Compounds, and Chemical Equations

Молекулы, соединения и химические уравнения

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KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

atomic elements, molecules, and bonds

Matter is made of elements, and elements are built from atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still keeps that element’s properties. A silver coin, for example, is made of silver atoms. Each atom keeps the unique properties of silver.

Elements are pure substances made of identical atoms. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes. Most elements are atomic elements, which use single atoms as their basic unit. Carbon and sodium are examples of atomic elements.

Some elements do not occur as single atoms in nature. These are called molecular elements. They exist as molecules made of two or more bonded atoms. Some are diatomic, such as hydrogen (H2), oxygen (O2), and chlorine (Cl2). Others are polyatomic, such as sulfur (S8) and phosphorous (P4).

A molecule is a group of two or more atoms joined by strong chemical bonds. The atoms in a molecule may be the same, or they may be different. When a molecule contains atoms from two or more different elements in fixed whole number ratios, it is also a compound. Water is a compound, and each H2O molecule has two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. Glucose (C6H12O6) is another compound, with six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms.

Compounds are pure substances made of two or more elements in fixed, definite proportions. They are classified as molecular or ionic based on the bonds they contain. The kind of attraction between atoms determines the bond type. When electrons transfer completely from a metal atom to a nonmetal atom, oppositely charged ions form. The electrostatic attraction between those ions is an ionic bond, and the result is an ionic compound such as sodium chloride (NaCl). When two or more nonmetal atoms share electrons, they form covalent bonds. Compounds formed this way are covalent, or molecular, compounds.

Atomic Elements, Molecules, and Bonds

molecules and compounds

Matter is made of elements, and elements are built from atoms. An atom is the smallest unit of an element that still keeps that element’s properties. A silver coin, for example, is made of silver atoms. Each atom keeps the unique properties of silver. Elements are pure substances made of identical atoms. They cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical changes. Most elements are atomic elements, which use single atoms as their basic unit. Carbon and sodium are examples of atomic...

molecular models

Molecular Model Types in Chemistry

Molecular models help chemists and students visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules. They represent the molecular architecture of chemical compounds in a way that is easier to study than formulas alone. Skeletal models are simple two-dimensional drawings of compounds. They show the molecular framework, or the bonds, without drawing every atom. In this model, many carbon and hydrogen atoms are not shown directly. Their positions are implied by the ends and junctions of the...

organic compounds

Organic Molecules in Everyday Chemistry

Organic molecules are carbon-based compounds found in living things and in many everyday products. Most organic compounds have carbon as the main element, bonded to hydrogen and other carbon atoms. Some carbon-containing substances, such as carbonates, cyanides, and simple oxides like CO and CO2, are not classified as organic. Carbon can form up to four strong bonds, which helps explain why organic compounds can make chains and rings of many sizes and shapes. These molecules appear in...

formula mass and mole concepts of compounds

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Chemical Formula Mass and Percent Composition

Chemical formula mass and percent composition help describe the makeup of compounds. A chemical formula shows which atoms are present and how many of each atom appear in a substance. For covalent compounds, the formula shows the atoms in one molecule. That is why formula mass can also be called molecular mass. Chloroform, CHCl3, is one example. Its formula shows one carbon atom, one hydrogen atom, and three chlorine atoms. The molecular mass is the sum of their average atomic masses. Ionic...

experimental determination of chemical formula

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Finding Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Chemical formulas show the elemental makeup of a compound. When a formula is unknown, scientists often start by measuring the masses of the elements in the sample. Those mass data are then used to find the simplest whole-number ratio of atoms, which gives the empirical formula. To get from mass to atom ratio, the masses of the elements are first converted to moles using molar masses. Chemical formulas describe numbers of atoms, not masses, so this step is necessary. In one example, 1.71 grams...

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Chemical equations show the identities and relative amounts of substances in a chemical reaction. The substances that react are called reactants, and their formulas are written on the left side of the equation. The substances formed are called products, and their formulas are written on the right side. A plus sign (+) separates formulas on the same side, and an arrow (→) shows the change from reactants to products. The numbers in a chemical equation are shown with coefficients. A coefficient...

key terms and concepts

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	...

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Surface Tension
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Hydrogen Bonds

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Construct an explanation to summarize the influences intermolecular forces have on the properties of chemical compounds.

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Molecular Models

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Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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Molecular Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

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Use models to predict chemical names and formulas including ionic (binary & ternary), acidic, and binary covalent compounds.

Analyze the structure of atoms and isotopes.

Atomic Elements, Molecules, and Bonds

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