Name: fundamental quantities in engineering mechanics
Uploaded: 2023-09-22T11:49:18.000Z
Duration: 1 min 28 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

High School

Physics

PHYS.1

IPC.1.G

Basic Concept

Основными понятиями инженерной механики являются длина, время, масса и сила.
Рассмотрим объект, движущийся из точки А в точку В. Пройденное расстояние описывается длиной с использованием координат относительно точки отсчета.
Длина также описывает геометрические свойства физических систем, в то время как время измеряет последовательность события, например, время в пути между точками А и В.
Масса — это мера количества вещества в объекте, которое не изменяется в зависимости от местоположения, в то время как сила рассматривается как действие одного тела на другое, как толчок или тяга, или гравитационное притяжение.
Для теоретического анализа инженерная механика использует несколько предположений. Во-первых, объект рассматривается как частица с массой, размером которой можно пренебречь.
Во-вторых, независимо от материала и приложенной нагрузки, частица рассматривается как твердое тело, деформацией которого пренебрегают.
Наконец, приложенная нагрузка представляется в виде сосредоточенной силы, действующей в точке на объекте.

<ol>
	<li>Хиббелер, Р.К. (2016). Инженерная механика \u2012 Статика и динамика. Хобокен, Нью-Джерси: Пирсон Прентис Холл. С. 4 \u2012 5.</li>
	<li>Бир, Ф..; Джонстон, Э.Р.; Мазурек, Д.Ф; Кромвель,.Д. и Селф, Б.. (2019). Векторная механика для инженеров \u2012 Статика и динамика. Нью-Йорк: Макгроу-Хилл. С. – 3.</li>
	<li>Мериам, Дж.Л.; Крейдж, Л.Г., и Болтон, Д.Н. (2020). Инженерная механика \u2012 Статика. Хобокен, Нью-Джерси: Джон Уайли. С. – 2.</li>
</ol>

Основные понятия

Инженерная механика — это отрасль инженерии, которая изучает движение и силы, действующие на объекты. Это фундаментальный предмет и является основой для многих других инженерных дисциплин. Длина, время, масса и сила - некоторые основные концепции в инженерной механике.

Длина, которая измеряет расстояние, пройденное объектом, является фундаментальным понятием в инженерной механике. Мы используем координаты относительно опорной точки, чтобы описать расстояние. Длина помогает не только описывать расстояние, пройденное объектом, но также используется для описания геометрических свойств физических систем.

Например, рассмотрим автобус, движущийся от города X к городу Y. Расположение автобуса в любой момент времени можно отследить с помощью системы координат.

В этом случае длина недостаточна для описания события, и в результате времени используется для измерения последовательности события, например, времени путешествия между городом X и городом Y. Время, которое измеряет последовательность событий, является ещё одним фундаментальным понятием в инженерной механике.

Масса является мерой количества вещества в объекте и не изменяется с изменением местоположения. Массу можно измерить, определив меру, с которой объект сопротивляется изменениям в его направлении или скорости при приложении силы.

Сила - ещё одно важное понятие в инженерной механике, определённое как воздействие одного тела на другое. Силы могут либо толкать, либо тянуть, либо притягивать, либо отталкивать один объект к другому. Гравитация является классическим примером силы, притягивающей объекты друг к другу.

Толкание объекта — это пример использования силы контакта, тогда как кусок железа, притянутый к магниту, является примером использования силы без контакта.

Инженерная механика полагается на определённые предположения, чтобы сделать возможным теоретический анализ. Во-первых, объект часто рассматривается как частица с массой, размер которой можно пренебречь. Это упрощение позволяет описать движение объекта с использованием более простых математических уравнений. Во-вторых, независимо от его материала и приложенной нагрузки, частица считается жёстким телом, а деформация пренебрегается. Наконец, приложенная нагрузка представлена в виде сосредоточенной силы, действующей в точке на объекте. Например, анализируя грузоподъёмность крюка крана, независимо от его размера и формы он считается частицей. Крюк является недеформируемым телом, и сила действует только на определённую точку на крюке.

Инженерная механика — это раздел инженерии, изучающий движение и силы, действующие на объекты. Он является фундаментальным предметом и составляет основу ...

Education

JoVE Core

Mechanical Engineering

Машиностроение

Unit 1

Раздел 1

An Introduction to Statics

Введение в статику

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

fundamental quantities in engineering mechanics

Engineering mechanics begins with four basic quantities: length, time, mass, and force. These ideas help describe how objects move and how they respond to loads. They also support many other engineering fields.

Length measures the distance traveled by an object. Engineers describe this distance with coordinates relative to a reference point. Length is also useful for showing the geometry of physical systems.

Time measures the succession of an event. A bus traveling from city X to city Y is a simple example. The bus location can be tracked with a coordinate system, but time is needed to measure the travel period.

Mass is the amount of matter in an object. It does not change with location. Mass can be related to how much an object resists a change in direction or speed when a force acts on it.

Force is the action of one body on another. It can push, pull, attract, or repel. Gravity is an example of an attractive force. Pushing a surface is a contact force, while an iron piece pulled by a magnet shows a non-contact force.

Engineering mechanics also uses simplifying assumptions to make analysis possible. An object may be treated as a particle with mass, so its size is ignored. It may also be treated as a rigid body, which means deformation is neglected. The load is then shown as a concentrated force acting at a single point, such as when studying the load-carrying capacity of a crane hook.

Fundamental Quantities in Engineering Mechanics

fundamental-quantities-in-engineering-mechanics

an introduction to mechanics

Mechanics in Physics and Engineering

Mechanics is a key branch of physics that explains how objects stay at rest or move when forces act on them. It also has major uses in engineering and science. The topic helps students understand everyday motion, machine behavior, and the way many systems work. The recorded history of mechanics begins with Aristotle, who lived from 384 to 322 BC. He linked mechanics with physical theory and looked for a broad universal explanation. Later, Newton defined mechanics as the study of objects at...

basic concept

Engineering mechanics begins with four basic quantities: length, time, mass, and force. These ideas help describe how objects move and how they respond to loads. They also support many other engineering fields. Length measures the distance traveled by an object. Engineers describe this distance with coordinates relative to a reference point. Length is also useful for showing the geometry of physical systems. Time measures the succession of an event. A bus traveling from city X to city Y is a...

newton's law of motion

Newton's Laws and Everyday Motion

Newton's laws explain everyday motion and the forces that change it. These three laws describe why objects move, stay still, or speed up. They also show how force and mass affect motion. Newton's first law is the law of inertia. It says an object at rest stays at rest, and an object in motion keeps moving at a constant speed and direction unless an external force acts on it. A sliding box that slows down on its own is a good example. In that case, friction is the net external force that works...

newton's law of gravitational attraction

Gravity Between Masses and Distance

Newton’s law of gravitational attraction describes how gravity acts between two objects. Sir Isaac Newton built this law from empirical evidence and inductive reasoning. He published it in Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica, or the Principia, on July 5, 1687. The law says that the gravitational force between any two objects depends on their masses and their distance apart. The force is proportional to mass and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the objects.

units of measurement

SI and Customary Measurement Systems

Mechanical engineering depends on units of measurement for precise and accurate calculations. These units give engineers a standard way to express and compare physical quantities. They are essential when designing and analyzing machines and mechanical systems. Many historical measurement systems have been used over time. Examples include the Babylonian system, the Roman system, the Egyptian system, the Olympian system, the British system, and the Indus Valley system. Today, the International...

international system of units

SI Units and Metric Prefixes

SI units and metric prefixes provide a standard way to measure size, mass, and time. The International System of Units, or SI system, is used worldwide because it gives scientists a common language for measurement. Its values do not change with location, which helps keep results consistent. The SI system is built on three base units: meter, kilogram, and second. These are the core units for length, mass, and time. The kilogram is the only base unit that already includes a prefix. Prefixes...

numerical calculations

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Numerical calculations in engineering depend on clear values, correct units, and careful rounding. Presenting the answer is an important part of engineering practice, so numerically accurate results are preferred. Handheld calculators and computers are often used because they help produce accurate answers. Problems can be solved in several ways. Solving algebraic symbols by hand is common, and the graphical method is often preferred in some cases. Computers are especially useful when many...

accuracy, limits, and approximation

Accuracy and Approximation in Calculations

Accuracy and approximation are important in calculations, especially in engineering. Accuracy means how close a measured value is to the true or actual value. Repeated measurements are often used in engineering mechanics to help make results more precise and accurate. The accuracy of a solution depends on empirical data and the results from different calculations or measurements. A cylindrical container filled with liquid is a simple example. Its volume can be found from the measured...

dimensional analysis

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problem solving in statics

Statics Problem-Solving Steps for Beams

Statics problem-solving uses a step-by-step method to analyze bodies in equilibrium, especially beams. It is an important part of physics and engineering because the goal is to find practical and accurate answers for real situations. The process usually starts with a physical situation and then turns it into a mathematical model. That model often needs approximations and assumptions. Very small distances can be ignored when they are much smaller than the main dimensions, such as beam width...

key terms and concepts

Explore length, time, mass, and force in engineering mechanics, plus key simplifying assumptions like particles, rigid bodies, and concentrated loads.

Fundamental Quantities in Engineering Mechanics | JoVE K12

JoVE Core Mechanical Engineering offers concise, easy-to-understand animated videos covering key topics such as equilibrium, forces, truss analysis, and structural mechanics. Explore their real-world applications, and witness these concepts in action through scientist-led experiments.

mechanical engineering

Chemistry and Physics

IPC.1

Observational Research

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Case Studies

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Ask questions and define problems based on observations or information from text, phenomena, models, or investigations

PHYS.1.A

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Experimental Designs

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From Theory to Design: The Role of Creativity in Designing Experiments

Source: Laboratories of Gary Lewandowski, Dave Strohmetz, and Natalie Ciarocco&#8212;Monmouth University

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Apply scientific practices to plan and conduct descriptive, comparative, and experimental investigations, and use engineering practices to design solutions to problems

PHYS.1.B

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Guidelines in Case of a Laboratory Emergency

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Electrical Safety Precautions and Basic Equipment

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Use appropriate safety equipment and practices during laboratory, classroom, and field investigations as outlined in Texas Education Agency-approved safety standards

PHYS.1.C

Common Lab Glassware and Uses

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Lab Techniques

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Making Solutions in the Laboratory

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Use appropriate tools such as balances, ballistic carts or equivalent, batteries, computers, constant velocity cars, convex lenses, copper wire, discharge tubes with power supply (H, He, Ne, Ar), data acquisition probes and software, dynamics and force demonstration equipment, electrostatic generators, electrostatic kits, friction blocks, graph paper, graphing technology, hand-held visual spectroscopes, inclined planes, iron filings, lab masses, laser pointers, magnets, magnetic compasses, metric rulers, motion detectors, multimeters (current, voltage, resistance), optics bench, optics kit, photogates, plane mirrors, prisms, protractors, pulleys, resistors, rope or string, scientific calculators, stopwatches, springs, spring scales, switches, tuning forks, wave generators, or other equipment and materials that will produce the same results.

PHYS.1.D

Units and Standards of Measurement

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International System of Units

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Base Quantities and Derived Quantities

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Qualitative Analysis

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Collect quantitative data using the International System of Units (SI) and qualitative data as evidence

PHYS.1.E

Review and Preview

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Ogive Graph

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Histogram

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Relative Frequency Histogram

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Scatter Plot

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Time-Series Graph

A time-series graph is a line graph with repeated measurements taken at successive intervals of time. It is also called a time series chart. To construct ...

Bar Graph

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Multiple Bar Graph

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Pareto Chart

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Pie Chart

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Life Tables

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Contingency Table

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Organize quantitative and qualitative data using bar charts, line graphs, scatter plots, data tables, labeled diagrams, and conceptual mathematical relationships

PHYS.1.F

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Problem Solving in Statics

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Free-body Diagrams: Problem Solving

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Equilibrium and Free-body Diagrams

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Mechanical Systems

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One-Degree-of-Freedom System

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Null and Alternative Hypotheses

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Distinguish among scientific hypotheses, theories, and laws.

PHYS.1.H

Scientific and engineering practices. The student, for at least 40% of instructional time, asks questions, identifies problems, and plans and safely conducts classroom, laboratory, and field investigations to answer questions, explain phenomena, or design solutions using appropriate tools and models. The student is expected to:

Fundamental Quantities in Engineering Mechanics

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