Name: element analysis with atomic light spectra
Uploaded: 2024-12-05T18:32:13.000Z
Duration: 1 min 23 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

9-12

Earth and Space Science

Space Systems

3.3.9-12.B

atomic-spectroscopy-absorption-emission-and-fluorescence

Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

Атомная спектроскопия является аналитическим инструментом для качественного и количественного элементного анализа.
К основным типам относятся атомно-абсорбционная спектроскопия, или ААС, атомно-эмиссионная спектроскопия, или АЭС, и атомно-флуоресцентная спектроскопия, или АФС.
Все три метода начинаются с распыления, которое является критическим этапом расщепления жидких образцов на атомы газообразной фазы.
В ААС горячие газообразные образцы, облученные диапазоном электромагнитного излучения, поглощают свет определенных длин волн, вызывающих электронные переходы атомов на орбитали более высоких энергий.
Количество света, проходящего на каждой длине волны, измеряется детектором. 
В АЭС поступление тепла или электрического разряда на газообразные атомы основного состояния вызывает электронное возбуждение.
Эти высокоэнергетические атомы быстро возвращаются в основное состояние, испуская фотоны, которые соответствуют разнице энергий.
При АФС газообразные атомы основного состояния облучаются на характерной длине волны для перевода конкретного атома в возбужденное состояние.
Если атом присутствует, он флуоресцирует, что измеряется детектором, расположенным под прямым углом к лазерному лучу.

Атомная спектроскопия: поглощение, эмиссия и флуоресценция

Атомная спектроскопия является важным инструментом элементного анализа, как качественного, так и количественного. Ее можно в целом разделить на методы оптической спектроскопии, масс-спектроскопии и рентгеновской спектроскопии. Оптические спектроскопические методы — это атомно-абсорбционная спектроскопия (ААС), атомно-эмиссионная спектроскопия (АЭС) и атомно-флуоресцентная спектроскопия (АФС). Первым шагом во всех трех методах является атомизация, при которой образцы твердой, жидкой или растворенной фазы преобразуются в атомы и ионы газовой фазы.

В ААС газообразные образцы взаимодействуют с электромагнитным излучением и поглощают фотоны с точными энергиями, которые переводят электроны атомов в основном состоянии в возбужденные состояния. Например, неспаренный электрон 3s атома Na переходит на орбиталь 3p, 4p или 5p при поглощении излучения 285 нм, 330 нм или 590 нм соответственно. Уменьшение прошедшего света определенных длин волн измеряется детектором и визуализируется с помощью спектра поглощения или пропускания.

В АЭС атомы газовой фазы в основном состоянии электронно возбуждаются теплом или энергией электрического разряда. Эти короткоживущие, высокоэнергетические возбужденные атомы газовой фазы возвращаются в основное состояние, испуская фотоны, соответствующие энергетической щели. Интенсивность испускаемого света обнаруживается и преобразуется в электрический сигнал, который дает отпечаток образца. Например, электронные переходы возбужденных атомов Na с орбиталей 3p, 4p и 5p обратно на орбиталь 3s приводят к излучению около 590 нм, 330 нм и 285 нм соответственно. Испускаемое излучение измеряется и преобразуется в спектр.

В АФС атомы газовой фазы в основном состоянии облучаются характерной длиной волны и переходят в электронно-возбужденное состояние. При условии, что безызлучательный переход не происходит, атомы в возбужденном состоянии релаксируют в основное состояние, флуоресцируя (излучая свет) на точной длине волны, соответствующей поглощенной ими энергии. Детектор обычно находится под прямым углом к ​​исходному лучу, где его должны достигать только флуоресцентные излучения.

В отличие от молекулярных спектров, атомные спектры имеют резкие линии из-за отсутствия различных вращательных и колебательных энергетических состояний, которые приводят к уширению пиков в молекулярных спектрах.

Атомная спектроскопия является жизненно важным инструментом элементного анализа, как в качественном, так и в количественном отношении. Его можно в широком смысле разделить на оптическую спектроскопию, ...

Education

JoVE Core

Analytical Chemistry

Аналитическая химия

Unit 1

Раздел 1

Atomic Spectroscopy

Атомная спектроскопия

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

ОСНОВНЫЕ ТЕРМИНЫ И ПОНЯТИЯ

element analysis with atomic light spectra

Atomic spectroscopy is used to identify and measure elements by their light signals. It supports both qualitative analysis, which tells what is present, and quantitative analysis, which tells how much is present. The optical methods in this group are atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy.

These methods begin with atomization. In this step, a solid, liquid, or solution sample is changed into gas-phase atoms and ions. Once the sample is in the gas phase, each method uses light or energy in a different way to study the atoms.

In atomic absorption spectroscopy, gas-phase atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation with the exact energy needed to move electrons to higher levels. For example, the 3s electron of sodium can be promoted to the 3p, 4p, or 5p orbital by light of 285 nm, 330 nm, or 590 nm. The detector measures the drop in transmitted light at selected wavelengths and shows it as an absorbance or transmittance spectrum.

In atomic emission spectroscopy, ground-state gas-phase atoms are excited by heat or electrical discharge energy. These excited atoms quickly return to the ground state and release photons that match the energy gap. The emitted light is detected and converted to an electrical signal that gives a fingerprint of the sample. For sodium, transitions from the 3p, 4p, and 5p orbitals back to 3s produce emissions around 590 nm, 330 nm, and 285 nm.

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy also starts with ground-state gas-phase atoms. They are irradiated with a characteristic wavelength and moved to an excited state. If radiationless transition does not occur, the atoms return to the ground state by fluorescing at the same wavelength they absorbed. The detector is usually placed at a right angle to the source beam so it measures mostly the fluorescence signal.

Atomic spectra are different from molecular spectra because they have sharp lines. Molecules have rotational and vibrational energy states that can broaden peaks, but atoms do not show that same type of broadening. That is why atomic spectra often appear as narrow, distinct signals.

Element Analysis with Atomic Light Spectra

element-analysis-with-atomic-light-spectra

atomic spectroscopy: absorption, emission, and fluorescence

Atomic spectroscopy is used to identify and measure elements by their light signals. It supports both qualitative analysis, which tells what is present, and quantitative analysis, which tells how much is present. The optical methods in this group are atomic absorption spectroscopy, atomic emission spectroscopy, and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy. These methods begin with atomization. In this step, a solid, liquid, or solution sample is changed into gas-phase atoms and ions. Once the sample...

atomic spectroscopy: effects of temperature

atomic-spectroscopy-effects-of-temperature

How Heat Changes Atomic Spectra

Heat changes atomic spectra by affecting atomization, excitation, ionization, and line shape. In atomic spectroscopy, atomization means converting a sample into gas-phase atoms and ions. The flame temperature needed for this step changes how efficiently the method works and shifts the balance between excited and ground-state atoms. At thermal equilibrium, the relative numbers of excited and ground-state atoms can be estimated with the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution. A small temperature rise...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy for Trace Metals

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) measures trace metals by tracking how atoms absorb electromagnetic radiation (EMR). The absorbed light makes atoms move to a higher-energy orbit. In AAS, the key step is atomization, which converts the sample into gas-phase atoms. A flame or a furnace is typically used for this step. Inside the flame, some atoms become thermally excited. Most stay in the ground state, which is the lowest-energy state. These ground-state gas-phase atoms absorb EMR only when...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-instrumentation

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Key Parts

Atomic absorption spectrophotometry uses a set of key parts to measure light absorbed by atoms. The main components are a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. Each part has a specific job in the instrument. The radiation source is usually a hollow-cathode lamp, or HCL, or an electrodeless-discharge lamp, or EDL. Both produce a narrow emission line at the needed wavelength. Some instruments instead use continuum sources with high-resolution monochromators to narrow...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: radiation and light sources

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-radiation-and-light-sources

Choosing Light Sources for AAS Measurements

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) uses a light source that emits a very narrow range of wavelengths. This is needed because the source must match the absorption behavior of the analyte atom. The choice of source also depends on giving a precise, intense emission at the right wavelength for accurate detection. Two common line sources in AAS are hollow-cathode lamps (HCLs) and electrodeless-discharge lamps (EDLs). These lamps are selected based on the element being analyzed and the level of...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: atomization methods

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-atomization-methods

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Sample Atomization

Atomic absorption spectroscopy uses sample atomization to turn a liquid specimen into free atoms for analysis. The two main approaches are flame atomization and electrothermal atomization. Both methods prepare the sample so its atoms can be measured by the instrument. Flame atomization uses a nebulizer and spray chamber to mix the sample with a fuel-oxidant mixture. This creates a fine aerosol mist that enters the burner. The fuel and oxidant are usually close to a stoichiometric ratio, but a...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: interference

atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-interference

Correcting Errors in Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Atomic absorption spectroscopy interference can create systematic error by making the analytical signal or the background look stronger or weaker than it should be. In atomic absorption measurements, these errors are usually grouped as spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference. Spectral interference happens when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, the substance being measured. This overlap can falsely raise or hide the analyte...

atomic absorption spectroscopy: lab

AAS Sample Prep and Calibration

Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) depends on careful sample preparation and calibration. Samples must be turned into clear solutions before measurement. That often means extra treatment to dissolve materials such as soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common sample prep methods include hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, and fusion with reagents. These steps help make the sample suitable for AAS analysis. Solutions that contain organic...

atomic emission spectroscopy: overview

Atomic Emission Spectroscopy for Element Analysis

Atomic emission spectroscopy is used to identify the elements in a sample by measuring the light they emit. Atoms are first excited to higher energy levels by thermal energy from hot sources such as plasma, arcs, or sparks. When they fall back to lower energy levels, they give off light at specific wavelengths. Each element produces its own set of lines, so the emission spectrum can show both what is present and how much is there. AES instruments are similar to atomic absorption spectrometers,...

atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-instrumentation

AES Sample Handling and Detection

Atomic emission spectrometry (AES) uses sample handling, atomization, and detection parts to measure emitted light from atoms and ions. The sample must first be changed into a gas-phase form so it can produce a measurable signal. AES uses two main atomizer types. Continuous atomizers, such as flames and plasmas, feed the sample in a steady stream. Discrete atomizers add one sample at a time with syringes or autosamplers. The electrothermal atomizer is the most common discrete type. Many...

atomic emission spectroscopy: interference

atomic-emission-spectroscopy-interference

Reducing Interference in AES Signals

Atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) can produce interfering signals when atoms and molecules in a flame or plasma emit overlapping light. High-temperature atomizers excite many species at once, including oxides, hydroxides, and flame combustion products. These extra emissions can make the analyte signal harder to read. Spectral interference happens when emission lines or bands overlap. One way to reduce it is to improve instrument resolution. Another is to choose a different emission line for...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: principle

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy-principle

ICP-AES Torch and Sample Analysis

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy uses a plasma torch to analyze elements in a sample. This method is also called inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, or ICP-OES. It is widely used because the plasma creates a strong environment for elemental analysis. The ICP source, or torch, contains three concentric quartz tubes. Argon gas flows through the tubes. A spark from a Tesla coil starts the ionization of argon and creates a high-temperature plasma. The...

inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy: instrumentation

inductively-coupled-plasma-atomic-emission-spectroscopy

ICP-AES Instrument Types and Detection

Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, or ICP-AES, uses an inductively coupled plasma to detect and analyze elements in a sample. The method measures the light given off by atoms, which helps identify and compare different elements. It is a common approach in atomic emission spectroscopy. ICP-AES instruments are built in three main forms: sequential, simultaneous multichannel, and Fourier transform instruments. Fourier transform designs are less commonly used, but they are...

atomic emission spectroscopy: lab

Plasma Sources in Atomic Emission Spectroscopy

Atomic emission spectroscopy uses plasma sources to identify elements by their light. The method creates abundant spectra with characteristic emission lines. Inductively coupled plasma, or ICP, is especially useful because it gives strong quantitative data. It works well under stable conditions, with low noise, low background, and few interferences. Newer air-operated microwave sources are also being studied. These sources may be more cost-effective than conventional ICP systems. Atomic...

atomic fluorescence spectroscopy

Measuring Elements by Atomic Fluorescence

Atomic fluorescence spectroscopy measures elements by detecting the light atoms give off after they are excited by electromagnetic radiation. The atoms are first placed in a flame, furnace, or plasma. They absorb energy, become excited, and then release that energy as they return to their original state. The emitted light is called fluorescence. The fluorescence is observed at a right angle to the incoming beam. This setup helps separate the emitted light from the light used to excite the...

flame photometry: overview

Flame Emission Spectrometry Basics

Flame emission spectrometry uses a flame to excite elements in a sample so their light can be measured. It is also called flame photometry. The method can be used for both qualitative and quantitative analysis of elements. The idea became established in the early 1860s when Kirchhoff and Bunsen showed that specific elements give off characteristic radiation in a flame. The first instrument for this purpose measured sodium in plant ash with a Bunsen flame. A major problem was how to add the...

flame photometry: lab

Flame Photometry and Metal Detection

Flame photometry is a method for detecting metals by measuring the light they emit in a flame. A solution such as potassium chloride is aspirated into the flame. The solvent evaporates first. The remaining salt becomes dehydrated and then dissociates into free gaseous atoms in the ground state. Some of these atoms absorb energy from the flame and move to an excited state. When they return to the ground state, they emit photons at characteristic wavelengths. These emissions are very narrow...

key terms and concepts

Learn how atomic absorption, emission, and fluorescence spectroscopy use light to identify elements, measure signals, and produce sharp atomic spectra.

Element Analysis with Atomic Light Spectra | JoVE K12

analytical chemistry

JoVE Core Analytical Chemistry simplifies complex chemical principles by breaking them down into clear, engaging animations, making topics from SI Units to NMR spectroscopy more accessible and straightforward. Additionally, the scientist-in-action videos highlight the application of these concepts in real-world research conducted in laboratories globally.

3.3.9-12.C

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Earth Science

Earth’s Place In The Universe

HS-ESS1-2

Chemistry

motion-and-stability-forces-and-interactions

Motion And Stability: Forces And Interactions

HS-PS2-6

Arizona Science Standards

Physical Science

HS+C.P1

HS+C.P1U1.2

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

Physics

PHYS.8

PHYS.8.F

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South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

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Waves and Their Applications in Technologies for Information Transfer

C-PS4-4

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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger ...

Nuclear Transmutation

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Atomic Structure

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Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

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Nuclear Stability

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Students who demonstrate understanding can develop a model based on evidence to illustrate the life span of the sun and the role of nuclear fusion in the sun's core to release energy in the form of radiation.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the energy transfer mechanisms that allow energy from nuclear fusion in the sun's core to reach Earth.  Examples of evidence for the model include observations of the masses and lifetimes of other stars, as well as the ways that the sun's radiation varies due to sudden solar flares ("space weather"), the 11-year sunspot cycle, and non-cyclic variations over centuries.  Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include details of the atomic and sub-atomic processes involved with the sun's nuclear fusion.

3.3.9-12.A

Emission Spectra

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Detection of Black Holes

Although black holes were theoretically postulated in the 1920s, they remained outside the domain of observational astronomy until the 1970s.
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Space-Time Curvature and the General Theory of Relativity

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Schwarzschild Radius and Event Horizon

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Nuclear Binding Energy

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Metal Flame Emission

Metal Flame Emission
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molecular-spectroscopy-absorption-and-emission

Molecular Spectroscopy: Absorption and Emission

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Radiation and Light Sources

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Students who demonstrate understanding can construct an explanation of the Big Bang theory based on astronomical evidence of light spectra, motion of distant galaxies, and composition of matter in the universe.  Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on the astronomical evidence of the red shift of light from galaxies as an indication that the universe is currently expanding, the cosmic microwave background as the remnant radiation from the Big Bang, and the observed composition of ordinary matter of the universe, primarily found in stars and interstellar gases (from the spectra of electromagnetic radiation from stars), which matches that predicted by the Big Bang theory (3/4 hydrogen and 1/4 helium).  Assessment Boundary:

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Atomic Emission Spectroscopy: Overview

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3.3.9-12.D

Element Analysis with Atomic Light Spectra

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