Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is a condition in which blood glucose falls below the level needed to support normal brain and body function, making it an important concern in pharmacology and clinical care. It commonly occurs when insulin or other glucose-lowering medicines exceed the body’s available glucose, triggering counterregulatory responses such as glucagon and epinephrine release; severe deficiency can impair neurological function. Pharmacological study of hypoglycemia helps explain adverse drug effects, identify risk factors, and guide treatment with rapidly absorbed carbohydrates, glucagon, or intravenous glucose. Understanding these mechanisms supports safer diabetes therapy and the development of medicines that maintain glucose control while reducing hypoglycemic events.

Hypoglycemia - Related Videos

Education

JoVE Core - Pathophysiology

Hypoglycemia

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2026

Hypoglycemia is a blood glucose level below 70 mg/dL. It commonly occurs in individuals using insulin or insulin-secreting drugs, but may also arise in non-diabetic conditions. People with type 1 diabetes are at the highest risk because they depend on exogenous insulin. People with type 2 diabetes are also at risk, especially when treated with insulin or medications such as sulfonylureas, which increase insulin release regardless of blood glucose levels. It develops when insulin levels exceed...

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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2024

Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...

Research

JoVE Journal - Medicine
Free Sample

Improving IV Insulin Administration in a Community Hospital

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Cited by 7 •

2012

When compared to the previous paper protocol, implementation of a computerized glucose management system results in a substantial increase in blood glucose concentration measurements within the target range. Using a computerized glucose management system to monitor blood glucose levels, decreases in severe hypoglycemia (<40 mg/dL), clinical hypoglycemia (<70 mg/dL), and hyperglycemia (>180 mg/dL) also can be observed.

Rabbit Preoperative Preparation, Surgical Procedures, and Postoperative Care

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2026

All animal procedures described here must be conducted in accordance with institutional animal ethics guidelines and approved by IACUC. All procedures must follow the principles of the 3Rs—Replacement, Reduction, and Refinement—and must be performed by trained personnel. Preoperative Preparation The initial assessment should include observation of alertness, posture, gait, and grooming behavior, as changes in these parameters may indicate underlying health issues. Body weight should be recorded...

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