Name: ear anatomy and otoscope findings
Uploaded: 2023-04-30T06:41:54.000Z
Duration: 9 min 10 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

new-york-state-science-learning-standards

New York State Science Learning Standards

High School

Physical Science

HS. Energy

HS-PS3-2.

Ear Exam

1. Ear Exam and Hearing
<ol>
	<li>Inspect the auricles and the surrounding tissue for skin changes, nodules, and deformities.</li>
	<li>Grasp the helix superiorly between the thumb and forefinger one at a time and gently pull up and backward to check for discomfort anywhere in the external ear.</li>
	<li>Palpate the tragus and mastoid process for tenderness.</li>
	<li>Perform the whispered voice test for auditory acuity.
	<ol>
		<li>Make certain that the room is quiet.</li>
		<li>Stand 2 ft behind the seated patient so your face is not visible.</li>
		<li>Gently press and rub a finger against the tragus of the non-test ear, so it can detect no other sounds.</li>
		<li>Exhale completely and whisper a combination of 3 numbers and letters.</li>
		<li>Ask the patient to repeat them back before duplicating the process with a different combination for the opposite ear. Correctly reporting all 3 numbers and letters constitutes a normal test. If the patient makes any mistakes, repeat the test on that side. The test is still considered normal if the patient correctly reports at least 3 out of the 6 numbers and letters per side.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
	<li>If the patient fails the whispered voice test, conduct a tuning fork test to help determine whether the hearing loss is conductive or neurosensory.
	<ol>
		<li>Set a 256- or 512-Hz tuning fork vibrating by tapping it sharply against your knuckles or palm.</li>
		<li>Check for lateralization (Weber test): Firmly place the non-vibrating base of the turning fork midline on the patient&#39;s head. Normally, the vibration is heard centrally or in both ears equally. In unilateral neurosensory hearing loss, sound is localized to the good ear, whereas in unilateral conductive hearing loss, sound is localized to the impaired ear.</li>
		<li>Compare bone vs. air conduction (Rinne test): Place the base of the vibrating tuning fork on the mastoid process. At the moment the patient can no longer hear the vibration sound, quickly transfer the vibrating end of the tuning fork close to the external canal. Since air conduction exceeds bone conduction, sound is normally still detectable. In conductive hearing loss, however, bone conduction equals or exceeds air conduction, so the patient may report hearing no further sound once the tuning fork is moved. In neurosensory hearing loss, the opposite is true: the patient may report hearing sound after the transfer. Repeat the test on the opposite side. To avoid false positive results, it is best to avoid the Weber and Rinne tests in patients who pass the whispered voice test.</li>
	</ol>
	</li>
</ol>
2. Otoscopic Exam
<ol>
	<li>Turn on the otoscope and select the brightest setting.</li>
	<li>Attach the largest ear speculum that comfortably fits the patient&#39;s auditory canal.</li>
	<li>When examining the patient&#39;s right ear, hold the otoscope in your right hand, as if holding a pencil.</li>
	<li>Stabilize the otoscope by resting your fourth and fifth fingers on the patient&#39;s cheek, so the otoscope follows any unexpected movements.</li>
	<li>Using your left hand, pull the auricle slightly up and back to help straighten the auditory canal, and establish a clear line of sight to the tympanic membrane.</li>
	<li>As this is done, gently insert the speculum into the canal, directing it slightly forward and down.</li>
	<li>Ask the patient to report any discomfort. Take care not to insert the speculum too deeply, as this may reach the bony canal and cause severe pain.</li>
	<li>If cerumen obstructs the view, do not attempt to remove it with a swab or sharp instrument. Instead, irrigate the canal with warm water using a plastic syringe, which is generally a safer and more effective approach.</li>
	<li>Resist the urge to direct immediate attention to the tympanic membrane, and examine the canal first, noting any redness, discharge, swelling, or masses.</li>
	<li>Gently readjust the angle of the speculum as necessary to view the entire tympanic membrane.</li>
	<li>Orient yourself by first identifying the cone of light as it spreads anteriorly and inferiorly from umbo near the center.</li>
	<li>At the origin of the cone of light, look for the handle of the malleus and the short process above. From there, identify the superior pars flaccida and the much larger inferior pars tensa. The incus may or may not be visible just posterior to the handle of the malleus. The stapes and the opening to the Eustachian tube are not visible.</li>
	<li>Check for membrane redness, retraction, bulging, perfusion, or opacity; dull or absent cone of light; and serous or purulent middle ear effusions. If any abnormalities are seen, consider using a pneumatic otoscope equipped with an insufflator to assess membrane mobility.</li>
</ol>

Proper evaluation of the ear requires a hearing check and otoscopic exam. Conductive hearing loss results from disorders of the external and middle ear. Cerumen impaction, otitis externa, trauma, foreign bodies, and (less commonly) exostoses can lead to hearing loss by obstructing the auditory canal. Middle ear causes of hearing loss include otitis media, Eustachian tube dysfunction, barotrauma, and otosclerosis. Neurosensory hearing loss is due to disorders of the inner ear. Presbycusis and noise trauma are most common;...

ear exam

Source: Richard Glickman-Simon, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA
This video describes the examination of the ear, beginning with a review of its surface and interior anatomy (Figure 1). The cartilaginous auricle consists of the helix, antihelix, earlobe, and tragus. The mastoid process is positioned just behind the earlobe. The slightly curving auditory canal ends at the tympanic membrane, which transmits sound waves collected by the external ear to the air-filled middle ear. The Eustachian tube connects to the middle ear with the nasopharynx. Vibrations of the tympanic membrane transmit to the three connected ossicles of the middle ear (the malleus, incus, and stapes). The vibrations are transformed into electrical signals in the inner ear, and then carried to the brain by the cochlear nerve. Hearing, therefore, comprises a conductive phase that involves the external and middle ear, and a sensorineural phase that involves the inner ear and cochlear nerve.
The auditory canal and the tympanic membrane are examined with the otoscope, a handheld instrument with a light source, a magnifier, and a disposable cone-shaped speculum. It is important to be familiar with the tympanic membrane landmarks (Figure 2). Only two of the three ossicles - the malleus and incus - can normally be seen; the malleus is near the center, and the uncus is just posterior. A cone of light can be seen emanating downward and anteriorly from the umbo, or point of contact between the membrane and the tip of the malleus. The short process roughly demarcates the boundary between the two regions of the tympanic membrane: the pars flaccida, lying superior and posterior, and the far larger pars tensa, lying anterior and inferior. Normally, the tympanic membrane is pink-gray in color and readily reflects the light of the otoscope.
<img alt="Ear anatomy diagram; conductive and sensorineural phases showing outer, middle, inner ear structures." src="/files/ftp_upload/10148/10148fig1.jpg" data-altupdatedat="1761830439000" data-alt="Figure 1"> 
Figure 1. Anatomy of the Ear. A schematic drawing of the human ear in frontal section with outer, middle, and inner ear structures labeled.

Source: Richard Glickman-Simon, MD, Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Tufts University School of Medicine, MA
This ...

Ear infections are common occurrences-especially in children-and a proper ear exam is essential to accurately diagnose such conditions.A comprehensive ear exam includes inspection and palpation of the external ear, hearing test to assess auditory acuity, and the otoscopic exam to inspect the external and middle ear-including the tympanic membrane. Every physician should be well versed with the steps this exam and it is important to understand proper positioning to avoid any potential discomfort to the patient. This video will first illustrate the anatomy of the ear followed by sequential steps of a complete ear examination.Let's briefly review the surface and interior anatomy of the ear. The outer ear is made up of the cartilaginous auricle, which consists of the helix, antihelix, lobule and tragus. The outer ear is connected to the middle ear via a slightly curving auditory canal that ends at the tympanic membrane. This membrane is responsible for transmitting sound waves collected by the outer ear to the air-filled tympanic cavity in the middle ear. The tympanic cavity is connected to the nasopharynx via an auditory tube known as the Eustachian tube. Vibrations of the tympanic me

Education

JoVE Science Education

Clinical Skills

Physical Examinations II

ear anatomy and otoscope findings

The ear exam begins with the outer ear and continues through the structures that carry sound inward. The cartilaginous auricle includes the helix, antihelix, earlobe, and tragus. The mastoid process sits just behind the earlobe.

The auditory canal curves gently until it reaches the tympanic membrane, also called the eardrum. This membrane passes sound waves from the external ear to the air-filled middle ear. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx.

Sound then moves through the three connected ossicles of the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes. Their vibrations become electrical signals in the inner ear. The cochlear nerve carries those signals to the brain. Hearing includes a conductive phase in the external and middle ear and a sensorineural phase in the inner ear and cochlear nerve.

The auditory canal and tympanic membrane are examined with an otoscope. This handheld tool has a light source, a magnifier, and a disposable cone-shaped speculum. Knowing the normal landmarks helps with the exam.

Only two ossicles can usually be seen through the otoscope: the malleus and incus. The malleus is near the center, and the uncus lies just posterior to it. A cone of light shines downward and forward from the umbo, where the membrane meets the tip of the malleus.

The short process helps mark the border between two parts of the tympanic membrane. The pars flaccida lies superior and posterior, while the much larger pars tensa lies anterior and inferior. A normal tympanic membrane is pink-gray and reflects the otoscope light well.

Ear Anatomy and Otoscope Findings

eye exam

Eye Exam: Anatomy and Vision Testing

An eye exam uses vision testing, orbit inspection, and an ophthalmoscopic exam to check eye health. It also helps connect eye findings with the nervous system. Before the exam, it is important to know the basic anatomy and function of the eye. The upper eyelid should sit slightly over the iris, but it should not cover the pupil when the eye is open. The lower lid lies below the iris. A normal sclera looks white or slightly buff, and the conjunctiva is a clear membrane over the front of the...

ophthalmoscopic examination

Eye Fundus Exam with an Ophthalmoscope

An ophthalmoscope is used to examine the fundus, which is the inner wall of the back of the eye. The fundus includes the choroid, retina, fovea, macula, optic disc, and retinal vessels. A simple ophthalmoscope has an aperture to look through, a diopter indicator, and a disc for selecting lenses. During a funduscopic exam, the first landmark seen is usually the optic disc. This is the point where the optic nerve and retinal vessels enter the back of the eye. The disc often has a central whitish...

The ear exam begins with the outer ear and continues through the structures that carry sound inward. The cartilaginous auricle includes the helix, antihelix, earlobe, and tragus. The mastoid process sits just behind the earlobe. The auditory canal curves gently until it reaches the tympanic membrane, also called the eardrum. This membrane passes sound waves from the external ear to the air-filled middle ear. The Eustachian tube connects the middle ear to the nasopharynx. Sound then moves...

nose, sinuses, oral cavity and pharynx exam

nose-sinuses-oral-cavity-and-pharynx-exam

Examining the Nose, Mouth, and Throat

Examining the nose, oral cavity, and pharynx starts with the basic anatomy of these regions. The upper third of the nose is bony, and the lower two-thirds are cartilaginous. Air enters through the nares, or nostrils, and moves through the nasal vestibules into the narrow space between the nasal septum and the bony turbinates. Each turbinate curves inward and creates a meatus, which is a groove below it. The nasolacrimal duct and most of the air-filled paranasal sinuses drain into the inferior...

thyroid exam

Palpating the Thyroid for Goiter

The thyroid gland sits in the front of the neck, in front of the trachea. It lies between the cricoid cartilage above and the suprasternal notch below. The gland has a right lobe and a left lobe joined by an isthmus, which covers the second, third, and fourth tracheal rings. A normal thyroid weighs about 10 to 25 g. It is usually not visible on inspection and can be hard to feel. When the gland is enlarged, this is called a goiter, and the enlargement can have many causes. During a thyroid...

lymph node exam

Lymph Node Findings in Health and Disease

Lymph node findings can help reveal how the lymphatic system is working and what disease may be present. The lymphatic system has two main jobs: it returns extracellular fluid to the venous circulation and exposes antigenic substances to the immune system. As lymph moves through the body, it passes through nodes made of dense clusters of lymphocytes, which are immune cells. Most lymph channels and nodes are deep in the body and cannot be reached by physical exam. Only surface nodes can be seen...

abdominal exam i: inspection and auscultation

abdominal-exam-i-inspection-and-auscultation

Abdominal Exam: Surface Landmarks and Regions

Abdominal exam starts with inspection and auscultation of the abdomen, along with a clear understanding of surface landmarks and regions. Gastrointestinal disease accounts for many office visits and hospital admissions each year, so a careful abdominal exam is an important clinical tool. It can also point to problems in the cardiovascular, urinary, and other systems. The abdominal examination also helps build physician-patient contact, support a preliminary diagnosis, guide later lab and...

abdominal exam ii: percussion

Abdominal Percussion for Organ Size Checks

Abdominal percussion is a physical exam technique that uses tapping to find differences in sound. The pitch changes because the body wall vibrates differently depending on the organs underneath, the strength of the tap, and the condition of the body wall. Doctors use this method to help judge organ size, find masses, and look for fluid or areas of tissue consolidation. Three main percussion sounds are heard in medical exam. Resonance is heard over the lungs. Tympany is heard over air-filled...

abdominal exam iii: palpation

Abdominal Palpation for Organ and Pain Assessment

Abdominal palpation helps clinicians check for tenderness, enlarged organs, and tumors. It also supports a broader abdominal exam by adding hands-on information about where a problem may be and how severe it might be. When performed correctly, palpation can assess large, relatively superficial organs. With skill, it can also give clues about smaller and deeper structures. The amount of information gained can vary with the patient's body build. For example, obesity can make it harder to feel...

abdominal exam iv: acute abdominal pain assessment

abdominal-exam-iv-acute-abdominal-pain-assessment

Mapping Acute Abdominal Pain by Location

Acute abdominal pain needs a careful, organized exam. Acute pain means pain lasting less than seven days. An acute abdomen is the sudden start of severe pain with signs that may point to a problem needing surgery. The cause of abdominal pain can be broad, so the history matters. Pain may also come from outside the abdomen, including pulmonary, cardiac, rectal, and genital disorders. For that reason, the exam should follow a clear plan rather than a quick guess. Doctors use standard location...

male rectal exam

Male Rectal Exam: Anatomy and Findings

The male rectal exam is an important part of the physical exam. It is used in selected patients with lower urinary tract symptoms, urinary or fecal incontinence or retention, back pain, anorectal symptoms, abdominal complaints, trauma, unexplained anemia, weight loss, or bone pain. Its role in cancer screening is debated, but the exam still has clinical value. There are no absolute contraindications to the rectal exam. Relative contraindications include patient unwillingness, severe rectal...

comprehensive breast exam

Breast Exam Comfort and Anatomy

Breast exams require both careful technique and patient comfort. They are a key part of an annual gynecological exam and are important for patients of any sex or gender expression. Because the exam can feel invasive, the examiner should use clear communication and help the patient stay in control whenever possible. Patient comfort starts with respectful behavior and careful word choice. The patient should be allowed to remove their own gown, and a chaperone may be used for the comfort of both...

pelvic exam i: assessment of the external genitalia

pelvic-exam-i-assessment-of-the-external-genitalia

Pelvic Exam I: Patient Comfort and External Check

Pelvic exam communication and the external genitalia check are important parts of patient care. The exam can feel invasive, so clinicians should help patients feel comfortable and empowered instead of vulnerable. Verbal and nonverbal communication both matter, and patients should be given control whenever possible. The approach shown here uses neutral language and simple steps that can work for many patients. It also helps reduce the chance of triggering patients who may have experienced...

pelvic exam ii: speculum exam

Choosing the Right Speculum for a Pap Test

Choosing the right speculum for a Pap test is an important part of gynecological care. A speculum helps the clinician view the cervix and collect a sample without causing unnecessary discomfort. Many patients and providers feel anxious about the exam, so careful technique and calm language matter. For example, providers should say “bills” instead of “blades” when describing the speculum. There are two main types of speculums: metal and plastic. This demonstration uses a plastic speculum, which...

pelvic exam iii:  bimanual and rectovaginal exam

pelvic-exam-iii-bimanual-and-rectovaginal-exam

Bimanual Pelvic Exam for Organ Assessment

A bimanual pelvic exam is a hands-on check of the cervix, uterus, and ovaries. It helps an experienced provider feel for changes that may point to cysts, fibroids, or malignancies. It also gives the clinician a baseline sense of the patient’s anatomy for later reference. Performing the bimanual exam before the speculum exam can help the patient feel more relaxed, both mentally and physically, before what is often seen as the most invasive part of the exam. If the provider already knows the...

physical examinations ii

This collection is a specialized edition featuring methodologies and procedures associated with more sensitive and comprehensive physical exams such as HEENT exams, abdominal exams, and  pelvic exams.

Explore outer, middle, and inner ear anatomy, plus the normal otoscope view of the tympanic membrane and key landmarks used in an ear exam.

Ear Anatomy and Otoscope Findings | JoVE K12

HS. Waves and Electromagnetic Radiation

HS-PS4-5.

Life Science

Structure and Function

HS-LS1-3.

Richard Glickman-Simon

Department of Public Health and Community Medicine

Tufts University School of Medicine

Overview

Anatomy of the Ear

External Ear Exam and Hearing Tests

Otoscopic Exam

Summary

Energy Basics

Chemical reactions, such as those that occur when you light a match, involve changes in energy as well as matter.

Chemical changes and their accompanying ...

Energy and Work

Source: Ketron Mitchell-Wynne, PhD,&#160;Asantha Cooray, PhD, Department of Physics &#38; Astronomy, School of Physical Sciences, University of ...

First Law of Thermodynamics

Energy Conservation

Energy can be converted from one form into another, but all of the energy present before a change occurs always exists in some form ...

Internal Energy

The total of all possible kinds of energy present in a substance is called the internal energy (U), sometimes symbolized as E. Suppose a system with ...

Enthalpy

Chemists ordinarily use a property known as enthalpy (H) to describe the thermodynamics of chemical and physical processes. Enthalpy is defined as the sum ...

Types of Potential Energy

Potential energy is also known as energy at rest or stored energy. Common types of potential energy include the gravitational potential energy stored in ...

Types of Kinetic Energy

The amount of kinetic energy of an object depends on its mass and speed. Consider two balls of different masses rolling down an inclined plane at the same ...

Kinetic Energy - I

It&#8217;s plausible to suppose that the greater the velocity of a body, the greater effect it could have on other bodies. This does not depend on the ...

Kinetic Energy - II

The kinetic energy of a particle is one-half of the product of the particle&#8217;s mass and the square of its speed. Note that just as Newton&#8217;s ...

Work-energy Theorem

According to Newton&#x2019;s second law of motion, the sum of all the forces acting on a particle (net force) determines the rate of change in the ...

Work and Energy for Variable Forces

When an object is acted upon by a variable force, the amount of work done and the change in energy of the object can be more complex to calculate compared ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14699.jpg

work-energy-theorem-for-motion-along-a-curve

Work-Energy Theorem for Motion Along a Curve

The work-energy theorem can be generalized to the motion of a particle along any curved path. The simple argument here is that the curved path can be ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14700.jpg

Electric Potential Energy

When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge q, it is given kinetic energy. The process is analogous to an object accelerated by a ...

electric-potential-energy-in-a-uniform-electric-field

Electric Potential Energy in a Uniform Electric Field

When an electric field accelerates a free positive charge, it acquires kinetic energy. This process is analogous to an object being accelerated by a ...

Energy In A Magnetic Field

If a magnetic field is sustained, there must be a current in a closed circuit or loop, implying some energy has been spent in creating the field. If this ...

conservation-of-energy-approach-to-system-analysis

Conservation of Energy Approach to System Analysis

Source: Ricardo Mejia-Alvarez and Hussam Hikmat Jabbar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
The purpose of ...

Thermodynamic Systems

A thermodynamic system is a set of objects whose thermodynamic properties are of interest. The system is considered to be embedded in its surroundings or ...

using-differential-scanning-calorimetry-to-measure-changes-in-enthalpy

Using Differential Scanning Calorimetry to Measure Changes in Enthalpy

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Terry Tritt &#8212; Clemson University
Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) is a method of thermodynamic analysis based on ...

Create a computational model to calculate the change in the energy of one component in a system when the change in energy of the other component(s) and energy flows in and out of the system are known.

HS-PS3-1.

Conservation of Energy

The terms &#39;conserved quantity&#39;&#160;and &#39;conservation law&#39;&#160;have specific scientific meanings in physics, which differ from the ...

Conservation of Energy: Application

When solving problems using the energy conservation law, the object (system) to be studied should first be identified. Often, in applications of energy ...

force-and-potential-energy-in-one-dimension

Force and Potential Energy in One Dimension

Force can be calculated from the expression for potential energy, which is a function of position. The component of a conservative force, in a particular ...

force-and-potential-energy-in-three-dimensions

Force and Potential Energy in Three Dimensions

Consider a particle moving under the action of a conservative force that has components along each coordinate axis. Each component of force is a function ...

Energy Diagrams - I

The dynamics of a mechanical system can be easily understood by interpreting a potential energy diagram. Since energy is a scalar quantity, the ...

Energy Diagrams - II

Energy diagrams are important to understand the dynamics of a system. The topology of an energy diagram helps illustrate the equilibrium points of the ...

Gravitational Potential Energy

Potential energy is not just a property of each object, but also a property of the interactions between objects in a chosen system. For each type of ...

Elastic Potential Energy

Elastic potential energy is the energy stored as a result of the deformation of an elastic object, such as the stretching of a spring. An object is ...

Abdominal Exam II: Percussion

Source: Alexander Goldfarb, MD, Assistant Professor of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, MA
Medical percussion is based on the difference in ...

Auscultation

Source: Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
Through auscultation, the clinician is able ...

Cyclic Voltammetry (CV)

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Kayla Green &#8212; Texas Christian University
A Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) experiment involves the scan of a range of potential ...

electrochemical-measurements-supported-catalysts-using

Electrochemical Measurements of Supported Catalysts Using a Potentiostat/Galvanostat

Source: Laboratory of Dr. Yuriy Rom&#225;n &#8212; Massachusetts Institute of Technology
A potentiostat/galvanostat (often referred to as simply a ...

Percussion

Source: Jaideep S. Talwalkar, MD, Internal Medicine and Pediatrics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
Simply stated, percussion refers to the ...

Develop and use models to illustrate that energy at the macroscopic scale can be accounted for as a combination of energy associated with the motions of particles (objects) and energy associated with the relative position of particles (objects).

Conservation of Mechanical Energy

The mechanical energy E of a system is the sum of its potential energy U and the kinetic energy K of the objects within it. What happens to this ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14702.jpg

Work Done on a System by External Force

The work done by an external force on a particle changes its kinetic energy. However, internal forces must also be considered for a system of interacting ...

/files/media/science-education/science-education-thumbs/14751.jpg

The internal energy of a thermodynamic system is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the molecules or entities in the system. The kinetic ...

Quantifying Heat

Thermal Energy&#160;

Microscopically, thermal energy is the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Temperature is a ...

Quantifying Work

As a system undergoes a change, its internal energy can change, and energy can be transferred from the system to the surroundings, or from the ...

A change in the internal energy of a system depends on the the net heat transfer into the system and the net work done by the system. The first law of ...

Cyclic Processes And Isolated Systems

A thermodynamic system with zero heat exchange and work is an isolated system. For these systems, the internal energy remains constant.
In the case of a ...

Isothermal Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to ...

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or ...

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas I

Heat capacity is the ratio of heat absorbed by the substance corresponding to its temperature change. It is also called thermal capacity and the SI unit ...

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas II

For a system that undergoes a thermodynamic process at a constant volume condition, the heat absorbed is used only to increase the system&#39;s internal ...

Heat Capacities of an Ideal Gas III

The number of independent ways a gas molecule can move along straight line, rotate, and vibrate is called its degrees of freedom. Supposing d represents ...

Adiabatic Processes for an Ideal Gas

When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, that is, without adding heat, work is done on it, and its temperature increases. In an adiabatic expansion, ...

pressure-and-volume-in-an-adiabatic-process

Pressure and Volume in an Adiabatic Process

Free expansion of a gas is an adiabatic process. However, there are few differences between free expansion and adiabatic expansion. During free expansion, ...

Work Done in an Adiabatic Process

Consider the adiabatic compression of an ideal gas in the cylinder of an automobile diesel engine. The gasoline vapor is injected into the cylinder of an ...

Reversible and Irreversible Processes

The thermodynamic processes can be classified into reversible and irreversible processes. The processes that can be restored to their initial state are ...

Heat Engines

A heat engine is a device used to extract heat from a source and then convert it into mechanical work used for various applications. For example, a steam ...

fmri-functional-magnetic-resonance-imaging

fMRI: Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique used to investigate human brain function and cognition in both ...

Design, build, and refine a device that works within given constraints to convert one form of energy into another form of energy.

HS-PS3-3.

Refrigerators and Heat Pumps

Refrigerators or heat pumps are heat engines operating in a reverse direction. For a refrigerator, the focus is on removing heat from a specific area, ...

Plan and conduct an investigation to provide evidence that the transfer of thermal energy when two components of different temperature are combined within a closed system results in a more uniform energy distribution among the components in the system (second law of thermodynamics).

HS-PS3-4.

Ear Anatomy and Otoscope Findings

Description

Transcript

Tags

More videos by Standards