Name: symbiosis and species interactions
Uploaded: 2026-06-01T06:28:17.787Z
Duration: 58 s
Channel: JoVE

K12 Standards

north-carolina-k-12-science-standard-course-of-study

NC K-12 Science Standard Course of Study

9-12

Biology

ecosystems-interactions-energy-and-dynamics

Ecosystems- Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

LS.Bio.5.1

Symbiosis

Symbiosis refers to close interactions between individuals of different species that can be temporary or long term. These interactions can affect the survival and distribution of the species involved.There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: commensalism, mutualism, and parasitism.In commensalism, one species benefits, while the other is neither helped nor harmed. For example, when an elephant walks through tall grass, it disturbs insects. These insects become easy prey for nearby birds such as crows. The birds benefit, while the elephant is not affected.In mutualism, both species benefit from the interaction. For example, in some forests, tree frogs and spiders share holes in trees. The frogs eat ants that would otherwise prey on the spider&#x2019;s eggs. In return, the spiders protect the frogs from larger predators such as snakes.In parasitism, one species benefits, but the other is harmed. For example, a tick feeding on the blood of a lion gains nutrients, while the lion is harmed.

symbiosis

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those species. When a relationship is beneficial to both species, this is called mutualism. When the relationship is beneficial to one species but neither beneficial nor harmful to the other species, this is called commensalism. When one organism is harmed to benefit another, the relationship is known as parasitism. These types of relationships often result in co-evolution and contribute to the complexity of community structure.<h4>Mutualism</h4>Mutualism occurs when both species benefit from a close relationship. One common example is the relationship between ants and aphids. Aphids feed on the phloem of plant stems with their piercing mouthparts and excrete a sugary fluid. Ants, which feed on this excretion, have evolved a complex relationship with the aphids similar to that between farmers and dairy cattle. Ants will carry the aphids to different food sources, protect the aphids from predation, and remove aphids infected by fungal parasites. The ants then benefit by consuming the sugary excretions produced by the aphids.<h4>Commensalism</h4>Commensal relationships benefit one species, but neither hurt nor harm the other. For example, epiphytes (such as Spanish moss) use trees and other plants for structural support to grow but do not harm or benefit the host tree. Also, barnacles attach themselves to mobile marine animals, like whales. The barnacles benefit from being carried to plankton-rich food sources where both whales and barnacles feed and are also protected from certain predators. Generally, the whale is not harmed by this interaction, so the relationship is often described as commensalism. However, barnacles can cause minor hydrodynamic drag and skin irritation and are thus sometimes considered semiparasitic. This illustrates a fine line between commensalism and parasitism.<h4>Parasitism</h4>Relationships in which one species benefits from harming another species are parasitic. Parasitism is similar to predation, but parasites often do not kill their hosts. The complex relationships between parasites and their hosts often have long co-evolutionary histories. Many parasites have long, complex life cycles that involve multiple hosts. A typical example is Plasmodium malariae. A female mosquito carries the Plasmodium sporozoites in her saliva. When the sporozoites are injected into the bloodstream of a human, they travel to the liver.In the liver, the Plasmodium undergoes many stages of its life cycle, resulting in the production of merozoites, which move into the blood. A portion of the merozoites released from infected blood cells forms gametocytes. The male and female gametocytes of the Plasmodium can be ingested again by a mosquito during a meal. Within the mosquito&#x2019;s stomach, the gametocytes generate zygotes, which develop into oocytes that rupture to release more sporozoites, beginning the cycle again.

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Education

JoVE Core

Ecology

Population and Community Ecology

KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS

symbiosis and species interactions

Symbiosis and other close species interactions shape how organisms live together in a community. These long-term relationships can affect the distribution and abundance of the species involved. They also often lead to co-evolution, where species change in response to one another.

Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits both species. A common example is ants and aphids. Aphids feed on phloem in plant stems with piercing mouthparts and release a sugary fluid. Ants feed on this fluid, and they also carry aphids to new food sources, protect them from predators, and remove aphids infected by fungal parasites.

Commensalism benefits one species while neither helping nor harming the other species. Epiphytes, such as Spanish moss, use trees and other plants for support as they grow, but they do not affect the host tree. Barnacles also show this pattern when they attach to whales and other mobile marine animals. They gain transport to plankton-rich food areas and protection from some predators. The whale is usually not harmed, although barnacles can cause minor drag and skin irritation. That is why the boundary between commensalism and parasitism can be hard to define.

Parasitism is a relationship in which one species benefits by harming another. It is similar to predation, but parasites often do not kill their hosts. Many parasites and hosts have long co-evolutionary histories, and some parasites have complex life cycles that use more than one host. Plasmodium malariae is a classic example. A female mosquito carries Plasmodium sporozoites in her saliva. After a mosquito bite, the sporozoites enter the human bloodstream and move to the liver. There, Plasmodium goes through several stages and produces merozoites, which enter the blood. Some of these become gametocytes. A mosquito then ingests the gametocytes during another meal. In the mosquito's stomach, the gametocytes form zygotes, which develop into oocytes. The oocytes rupture and release more sporozoites, and the cycle begins again.

Symbiosis and Species Interactions

what are populations and communities?

Population Size, Density, and Community Roles

Populations, metapopulations, and communities are key parts of ecology. Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with each other and with their environment. A population is a group of individuals of the same species that live in the same general area. A community includes multiple populations of different species that coexist and interact in one habitat. Populations are dynamic because they respond to biotic and abiotic factors. Biotic factors are living influences, and abiotic factors...

distribution and dispersion

Species Range and Spacing Patterns

Ecology looks at how organisms interact with each other and with their environment. It also examines where species live and how individuals are arranged within those areas. The geographic range of a species is the total area where its members are found. Dispersion is the pattern of spacing among individuals inside that range. Within a species’ geographic range, dispersion can follow three main patterns: uniform, random, or clumped. These patterns depend on environmental conditions and on...

life histories

Life History Strategies and Survivorship

Life history strategies show how organisms balance survival and reproduction across a lifetime. An organism’s life history includes birth, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, and death. These patterns reflect trade-offs in how much energy and resources go to making offspring and caring for them. R-strategists and K-strategists show two common reproductive strategies. R-strategists, with r standing for rate, have high fecundity, or reproductive potential. They produce many offspring that...

energy budgets and reproductive strategies

Reproductive Trade-Offs in Life Cycles

Organisms must divide limited energy between growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These energy budgets create trade-offs. Energy used for reproduction cannot be used for survival or growth, so species follow different reproductive patterns. Semelparity and iteroparity are two main strategies on this continuum. Semelparous species reproduce only once in their lifetime. They usually put most or all available resources into that single reproductive event and then die. This approach often...

population growth

Population Growth Curves and Carrying Capacity

Population growth changes with births, deaths, immigration, and emigration. When birth rates and immigration are higher than death rates and emigration, a population increases. When deaths and emigration are higher, the population decreases. These changes can be shown on a graph of population size over time. Under ideal conditions with unlimited resources, populations can grow exponentially. This produces a J-shaped growth curve. Such rapid growth is seen in newly introduced invasive species...

ecological niches

How Species Share Ecological Niches

Ecological niches describe how species fit into an ecosystem. A niche includes the living and nonliving factors that shape where an organism can live. Food resources, climate, and terrain are all part of that role. Two species cannot occupy the exact same niche in the same habitat for long. When their niches overlap too much, the competitive exclusion principle applies. One species will outcompete the other, and the weaker species must adapt or disappear. Similar species can still coexist...

Symbiosis and other close species interactions shape how organisms live together in a community. These long-term relationships can affect the distribution and abundance of the species involved. They also often lead to co-evolution, where species change in response to one another. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship that benefits both species. A common example is ants and aphids. Aphids feed on phloem in plant stems with piercing mouthparts and release a sugary fluid. Ants feed on this fluid,...

competition

How Limited Resources Shape Competition

Competition happens when organisms need the same limited resources in an environment. It is a net-negative interaction because both competitors lose fitness when neither has full access to the resource. This can happen even without direct contact between the competing individuals or populations. Competition within a species is called intraspecific competition. It often helps control population size because rapid growth can lead to crowding and fewer available resources. Stronger individuals...

predator-prey interactions

Predator and Prey Evolution

Predator and prey evolution shapes how animals survive and reproduce. Predators gain energy by eating prey, while prey that avoid being eaten improve their fitness. Over time, both sides develop traits that help them win this struggle. Predators often evolve tools for attack, such as claws, teeth, and speed. Prey evolve defenses that help them escape or stay hidden. These defenses can include crypsis, or blending in with the background, aposematism, or warning coloration, and mimicry, which is...

keystone species

Sea Stars, Wolves, and Ecosystem Balance

Keystone species help keep ecosystems balanced. In ecology, biodiversity is often described by species richness, which is the number of species present, and evenness, which is how evenly those species are represented. Community structure can also be shaped by abiotic factors such as sunlight and nutrients, disturbances such as fire or flood, species interactions such as predation or competition, and chance events such as the invasion of a foreign species. A keystone species has a much larger...

ecological disturbance

Disturbance Patterns and Biodiversity

Ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in an environment that can change an ecosystem in a major way. It may come from abiotic, biotic, or human-caused factors. The size of the impact depends on the disturbance’s intensity, how often it happens, and how widely it spreads. Disturbances can be very small or very large. Trampling underbrush is one example of a small disturbance. Forest fires and floods are larger examples. Natural events such as volcanoes and hurricanes can also disturb...

ecological succession

How Succession Shapes Ecosystem Recovery

Ecological succession is shaped by facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. These processes explain how one community changes into the next after a disturbance or a new surface becomes available. Early species can either help, block, or simply coexist with later species. Facilitation happens when pioneer species make conditions better for later species. They may increase nutrients, water, or light. In inhibition, early species make conditions worse by limiting resources. In some cases, later...

key terms and concepts

Explore mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism with clear examples like ants and aphids, barnacles and whales, and the Plasmodium life cycle.

Symbiosis and Species Interactions | JoVE K12

JoVE Core series brings biology to life through over 300 concise and easy-to-understand animated video lessons that explain key concepts in biology, plus more than 150 scientist-in-action videos that show actual research experiments conducted in today’s laboratories.

biology

Earth and Environmental Science

Earth's Systems

ESS.EES.4.1

Pennsylvania State Academic Standards

Life Science

interdependent-relationships-in-ecosystems

Interdependent Relationships in Ecosystems

3.1.9-12.I

3.1.9-12.L

Louisiana Student Standards for Science

High School

Life Sciences

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy And Dynamics

HS-LS2-1

ohios-learning-standards-and-model-curriculum

Ohio’s Learning Standards and Model Curriculum

Diversity And Interdependence Of Life

Biodiversity

Virginia  Standards of Learning

HIgh School

BIO.7

BIO.7.b

BIO.8

BIO.8.c

LS.6

LS.6.c

Minnesota Academic Standards in Science

3.2.1 9L.3.2.1.4

new-jersey-student-learning-standards-for-science

New Jersey Student Learning Standards for Science

Ecosystems: Interactions, Energy, and Dynamics

Next Generation Science Standards

HS-LS2-6

Florida Department of Education

SC.912.L.17

SC.912.L.17.6

Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills

BIO.13

BIO.13.A

south-carolina-college-and-career-ready-science-standards

South Carolina College and Career Ready Science Standards

B-LS2-1.

B-LS2-2.

B-LS2-6.

Biological Evolution: Unity and Diversity

B-LS4-3.

B-LS4-4.

Georgia Standards of Excellence

Entomology

SEN1.

SEN1.f

SEN4.

SEN4.a

SEC3.

SEC3.a

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited ...

The Water Cycle

The Earth&rsquo;s hydrosphere includes all of the areas where the storage and movement of water occurs. Since water is the basis of all living processes, ...

The Carbon Cycle

Carbon is the basis of all organic matter on Earth, and is recycled through the ecosystem in two primary processes: one in which carbon is exchanged among ...

The Nitrogen Cycle

Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of ...

The Phosphorus Cycle

Unlike carbon, water, and nitrogen, phosphorus is not present in the atmosphere as a gas. Instead, most phosphorus in the ecosystem exists as compounds, ...

The Sulfur Cycle

Sulfur, an important element in the chemical makeup of proteins, is recycled through the atmosphere and aquatic and terrestrial environments. Found in the ...

Use models to illustrate how processes in organisms contribute to the flow of energy and the cycling of matter within an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.4.1

What are Populations and Communities?

Populations are groups of individuals of the same species that inhabit a shared environment. Communities include multiple co-existing, interacting ...

Distribution and Dispersion

Ecology is the study of how organisms interact with their environment and with one another. An important aspect of ecology is understanding where species ...

Life Histories

Constrained by limited energy and resources, organisms must compromise between offspring quantity and parental investment. This trade-off is represented ...

Energy Budgets and Reproductive Strategies

Organisms must balance energy intake with the energy required for growth, maintenance, and reproduction. These trade-offs result in a variety of ...

Population Growth

Population size is dynamic, increasing with birth rates and immigration, and decreasing with death rates and emigration. In ideal conditions with ...

Use models to explain the relationship between the flow of energy and cycling of matter among organisms in an ecosystem.

LS.Bio.4.2

Ecological Niches

All organisms have a position within an ecosystem. The complete set of living and nonliving factors&#x2014;including food resources, climate, and ...

Ecological Succession

Ecological succession is influenced by the processes of facilitation, inhibition, and toleration. Facilitation occurs when early successional species ...

Keystone Species

Measures of species biodiversity, such as richness (i.e., the number of species present) and evenness (i.e., their relative abundance), describe an ...

Symbiotic relationships are long-term, close interactions between individuals of different species that affect the distribution and abundance of those ...

Competition

When organisms require the same limited resources within an environment, they may have to compete for them. Competition is a net-negative interaction. ...

Predator-Prey Interactions

Predators consume prey for energy. Predators that acquire prey and prey that avoid predation both increase their chances of survival and reproduction ...

Ecological Disturbance

An ecological disturbance is a temporary disruption in the environment resulting from abiotic, biotic, or anthropogenic factors, causing a pronounced ...

Use mathematics and computational thinking to explain how interactions between organisms (predator/prey, competition) affect carrying capacity and maintain stability in an ecosystem.

What is Biodiversity?

Biodiversity describes the variety of living things at multiple organizational levels: genetic, species and ecosystem diversity. Species diversity ...

Threats to Biodiversity

There have been five major extinction events throughout geological history, resulting in the elimination of biodiversity, followed by a rebound of species ...

Biodiversity and Human Values

Human civilization relies on biodiversity in many ways. Sudden changes in species biodiversity result in environmental changes that can modify weather ...

What is Conservation Biology?

Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the ...

Sustainable Development

As the human population continues to grow and use resources, we must be mindful of our planet&rsquo;s natural limits. Sustainable development provides a ...

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens ...

What is Weather?

Overview

Weather refers to the current state of atmospheric conditions at a specific time and place. Weather is temporary and is influenced by the ...

Global Climate Change

Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global ...

Conservation of Declining Populations

Conservation of declining population focuses on ways of detecting, diagnosing, and halting a population decline. The approach uses methods to prevent ...

Habitat Fragmentation

Habitat fragmentation describes the division of a more extensive, continuous habitat into smaller, discontinuous areas. Human activities such as land ...

Engage in argument from evidence to evaluate various solutions to reduce the impact of human activities on biodiversity and ecosystem health.

LS.Bio.5.2

Analyze the relationships between matter and energy within ecosystems.

Symbiosis and Species Interactions

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